Development of a method for the determination of apixaban in blood plasma using the stripping voltammetry method
M.A. Dragunova, G.B. Slepchenko, Yu.R. Terra, E.S. Moiseeva, E.S. Sitkova, R.E. Batalov
Background. As is known, the issue of maintaining a balance between the efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation causes a number of difficulties in real clinical practice. In recent years, the development and clinical validation of sensitive and selective methods for quantitative determination of direct oral anticoagulant levels in the blood have demonstrated their relevance for optimizing drug monitoring in patient groups at increased risk of thromboembolic and hemorrhagic complications.
Objective: To develop a method for determining the concentration of apixaban (APX) in peripheral blood using a voltammetric sensor based on phenyl-modified graphite.
Materials and methods. The experimental basis of this study was the development of a new method for modifying a graphite electrode for the voltammetric determination of APX using domestic equipment and readily available reagents. A graphite electrode modified with phenyl groups using arenediazonium tosylates was used. The degree of modification was monitored instrumentally. The electrode surface was characterized using the ζ-potential (streaming potential) method. Electrode process characteristics (adsorption stage, electron fraction in the rate-limiting stage, and the αn factor) were determined using voltammetric peak shape analysis and the Laviron equation. Operating conditions for APX determination were selected.
Results. It was established that the anodic oxidation of APX on the surface of phenylated graphite is adsorption-based. The αn factors were calculated for the rate-limiting step (≈1.5) and for the overall electrode process (≈2). The flow potential method revealed an increase in the cathodic ζ-potential of the modified electrode, indicating an increase in its adsorption capacity. The following parameters were selected: analyte accumulation conditions; voltammogram recording mode; background electrolyte composition.
Conclusion. A new method for modifying a graphite electrode has been developed, enabling reliable monitoring of its properties. The modification has been shown to increase the surface’s adsorption capacity for APX. Operating parameters for its voltammetric determination have been selected. The method utilizes domestically produced equipment and readily available reagents, making it promising for clinical monitoring of anticoagulant therapy.
For citation: Dragunova MA, Slepchenko GB, Terra YuR, Moiseeva ES, Sitkova ES, Batalov RE. Development of a method for the determination of apixaban in blood plasma using the stripping voltammetry method. Therapy (Moscow). 2026;12(5S):5–9.
https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2026.5-s5.5-9
Ключевые слова
apixaban
atrial fibrillation
anticoagulant therapy monitoring
voltammetry
modified graphite electrode
adsorption mechanism
methodology
quantitative determination
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Об авторах / Для корреспонденции
Marina A. Dragunova, MD, PhD (Medicine), researcher at the Laboratory of high-tech diagnostics and treatment of heart rhythm disorders of the Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of RAS, Tomsk, Russian Federation.E-mail: kirsay@yandex.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7264-9904. Scopus ID: 56700320100. WoS ResearcherID: F-4418-2018. eLibrary SPIN: 8613-8706
Galina B. Slepchenko, Dr. Sci. (Chemistry), professor of the TPU Research School of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
E-mail: microlab@tpu.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0296-604Х. Scopus ID: 66026683690. WoS ResearcherID: T-1627-2017. eLibrary SPIN: 135-447
Yuriy R. Terra, Master’s student at the TPU Research School of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
E-mail: yrt3@tpu.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1410-8815. WoS ResearcherID: MBV-6380-2025
Evgeniya S. Moiseeva, PhD (Chemistry), head of the Shared Use Center “Physicochemical Methods of Analysis” at the TPU Research School of Chemistry and Biomedical Engineering, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
E-mail: moiseevaes@tpu.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3891-2286. Scopus ID: 53881653900. WoS ResearcherID: R-4516-2017. eLibrary SPIN: 4147-0916
Ekaterina S. Sitkova, MD, PhD (Medicine), head of the Laboratory of high-tech diagnostics and treatment of heart rhythm disorders of the Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of RAS, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
E-mail: ses@cardio-tomsk.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0988-3642. Scopus ID: 57192702084. WoS ResearcherID: J-6719-2017. eLibrary SPIN: 3731-5403
Roman E. Batalov, MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), leading researcher at the Laboratory of high technologies for diagnostics and treatment of heart rhythm disorders of the Research Institute of Cardiology, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of RAS, Tomsk, Russian Federation.
E-mail: romancer@cardio-tomsk.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1415-3932. Scopus ID: 55382776400. WoS ResearcherID: J-1707-2017. eLibrary SPIN: 1371-4429
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