Эволюция терапии волчаночного нефрита: от деплеции В-клеток к комплексной модуляции гуморального иммунитета

1. Mok C.C, Kwok RCL, Yip PSF. Effect of renal disease on the standardized mortality ratio and life expectancy of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(8):2154–60.

PMID: 23754671. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38006

2. Askanase AD, Dall’Era M, Almaani S. Insights into future management of lupus nephritis. Frontiers in Lupus. 2024;2:1334932.

https://doi.org/10.3389/flupu.2024.1334932

3. Barber MRW, Drenkard C, Falasinnu T, Hoi A, Mak A, Kow NY et al. Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(9):515–32.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-021-00668-1. Erratum in: Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2021;17(10):642. PMID: 34345022; PMCID: PMC8982275. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41584-021-00690-3

4. Tian J, Zhang D, Yao X, Huang Y, Lu Q. Global epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: A comprehensive systematic analysis and modelling study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(3):351–56.

PMID: 36241363. PMCID: PMC9933169. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard-2022-223035

5. Стерликов С.А., Зеленова О.В., Абрамов С.И. Эпидемиология системной красной волчанки в Российской Федерации (заболеваемость, распространенность и пространственная неоднородность показателей). Диагностическая и интервенционная радиология. 2024;18(5):38–45. (Sterlikov SA, Zelenova OV, Abramov SI. Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus in Russian Federation (morbidity, prevalence, and spatial heterogeneity of indicators). Diagnosticheskaya i interventsionnaya radiologiya = Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology. 2024;18(5):38–45 (In Russ.)). EDN: JSNFKM.

6. Tektonidou MG, Dasgupta A, Ward MM. Risk of end-stage renal disease in patients with lupus nephritis, 1971–2015: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(6):1432–41.

PMID: 26815601. PMCID: PMC5071782. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.39594

7. Chrysostomou C, Faustini F, Gunnarsson I, Segelmark M, Carrero JJ, Barany P et al. Long-term outcomes of lupus nephritis in comparison to other CKD etiologies. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;10(1):157–68.

PMID: 39810755. PMCID: PMC11725829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2024.10.021

8. Асеева Е.А., Амирджанова В.Н., Лисицына Т.А., Завальская М.В. Качество жизни больных системной красной волчанкой. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2013;51(3):324–331. (Aseeva EA, Amirdzhanova VN, Lisitsyna TA, Zavalskaya MV. Quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya= Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2013;51(3):324–331 (In Russ.)). EDN: RBGOWT.

9. Mok CC, Kwok CL, Ho LY, Chan PT, Yip SF. Life expectancy, standardized mortality ratios, and causes of death in six rheumatic diseases in Hong Kong, China. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(5):1182–89.

PMID: 21391198. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.30277

10. Izmirly PM, Kim MY, Carlucci PM, Preisinger K, Cohen BZ, Deonaraine K et al. Longitudinal patterns and predictors of response to standard-of-care therapy in lupus nephritis: Data from the Accelerating Medicines Partnership Lupus Network. Arthritis Res Ther. 2024;26(1):54.

PMID: 38378664. PMCID: PMC10877793. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-024-03275-z

11. Malvar A, Pirruccio P, Alberton V, Lococo B, Recalde C, Fazini B et al. Histologic versus clinical remission in proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2017;32(8):1338–44.

PMID: 26250434. PMCID: PMC5837387. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfv296

12. Moroni G, Quaglini S, Gallelli B, Banfi G, Messa P, Ponticelli C. The long-term outcome of 93 patients with proliferative lupus nephritis. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2007;22(9):2531–39.

PMID: 17510096. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfm245

13. Luís MSF, Bultink IEM, da Silva JAP, Voskuyl AE, Ines LS. Early predictors of renal outcome in patients with proliferative lupus nephritis: A 36-month cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(11):5134–41.

PMID: 33560332. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/keab126

14. Sammaritano LR, Askanase A, Bermas BL, Dall’Era M, Duarte-García A, Hiraki LT et al. 2024 American College of Rheumatology (ACR) guideline for the screening, treatment, and management of lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2025;77(9):1115–35.

PMID: 40331662. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.43212

15. Fanouriakis A, Kostopoulou M, Anders HJ, Andersen J, Aringer M, Beresford MW et al. EULAR recommendations for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus with kidney involvement: 2025 update. 2026;85(1):75–90.

PMID: 41107121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2025.09.007

16. Клинические рекомендации. Системная красная волчанка. Ассоциация ревматологов России. Рубрикатор клинических рекомендаций Минздрава России. 2025. ID: 484_2. Доступ: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/484_2 (дата обращения – 26.10.2025). (Clinical guidelines. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Association of Rheumatologists of Russia. Rubricator of clinical guidelines of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. 2025. ID: 484_2. URL: https://cr.minzdrav.gov.ru/preview-cr/484_2 (date of access – 26.10.2025) (In Russ.)).

17. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Lupus Nephritis Work Group. KDIGO 2024 clinical practice guideline for the management of lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2024;105(1S):S1–S69.

PMID: 38182286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.002

18. van Vollenhoven RF, Mosca M, Bertsias G, Isenberg D, Kuhn A, Lerstrom K et al. Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: Recommendations from an international task force. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(6):958–67.

PMID: 24739325. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-205139

19. Hoffman W, Lakkis FG, Chalasani G. B cells, antibodies, and more. Clin J Am Soc Nephro. 2016;11(1):137–54.

PMID: 26700440. PMCID: PMC4702236. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.09430915

20. Tiller T, Tsuiji M, Yurasov S, Velinzon K, Nussenzweig MC, Wardemann H. Autoreactivity in human IgG+ memory B cells. Immunity. 2007;26(2):205–13.

PMID: 17306569. PMCID: PMC1839941. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2007.01.009

21. Shah K, Cragg M, Leandro M, Reddy V. Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Biologicals. 2021;69:1–14.

PMID: 33288390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biologicals.2020.11.002

22. Rovin BH, Furie R, Latinis K, Looney RJ, Fervenza FC, Sanchez-Guerrero J et al.; LUNAR Investigator Group. Efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active proliferative lupus nephritis: The lupus nephritis assessment with rituximab study. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(4):1215–26.

PMID: 22231479. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.34359

23. Md Yusof MY, Shaw D, El-Sherbiny YM, Dunn E, Rawstron AC, Emery P, Vital EM. Predicting and managing primary and secondary non-response to rituximab using B-cell biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(11):1829–36.

PMID: 28684557. PMCID: PMC5705851. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211191

24. Mysler EF, Spindler AJ, Guzman R, Bijl M, Jayne D, Furie RA et al. Efficacy and safety of ocrelizumab in active proliferative lupus nephritis: Results from a randomized, double-blind, phase III study. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65(9):2368–79.

PMID: 23740801. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.38037

25. Edelmann J, Dokal A, Holzmann K, Britton DJ, Vilventhraraja E, Smith R et al. Rituximab and obinutuzumab induce direct B-cell death via B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, but rituximab elicits stronger BCR-derived pro-survival signals diminishing apoptosis. Blood. 2019;134(Suppl_1):1579.

https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-128704

26. Furie RA, Rovin BH, Garg JP, Santiago MB, Aroca-Martínez G, Zuta Santillan AE et al.; REGENCY Trial Investigators. Efficacy and safety of obinutuzumab in active lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(15):1471–83.

PMID: 39927615. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2410965

27. Desai NB, Gashti C, Whittier WL. “A change is gonna come” to treatment of lupus nephritis: A review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2025:S0272-6386(25)01144-8. Online ahead of print.

PMID: 41238160. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2025.08.016

28. Furie RA, Aroca G, Cascino MD, Garg JP, Rovin BH, Alvarez A et al. B-cell depletion with obinutuzumab for the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis. 2022;81(1):100–7.

PMID: 34615636. PMCID: PMC8762029. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220920

29. Golay J, Da Roit F, Bologna L, Ferrara C, Leusen JH, Rambaldi A et al. Glycoengineered CD20 antibody obinutuzumab activates neutrophils and mediates phagocytosis through CD16B more efficiently than rituximab. Blood. 2013;122(20):3482–91.

PMID: 24106207. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-05-504043

30. Reddy V, Klein C, Isenberg DA, Glennie MJ, Cambridge G, Cragg MS, Leandro MJ. Obinutuzumab induces superior B-cell cytotoxicity to rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patient samples. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2017;56(7):1227–37.

PMID: 28407142. PMCID: PMC5808665. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kex067

31. Klein C, Lammens A, Schafer W, Georges G, Schwaiger M, Mossner E et al. Epitope interactions of monoclonal antibodies targeting CD20 and their relationship to functional properties. MAbs. 2013;5(1):22–33.

PMID: 23211638. PMCID: PMC3564883. https://doi.org/10.4161/mabs.22771

32. Parodis I, Tamirou F, Houssiau FA. Prediction of prognosis and renal outcome in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2020;7(1):e000389.

PMID: 32153796. PMCID: PMC7046967. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2020-000389

33. Moroni G, Porata G, Raffiotta F, Quaglini S, Frontini G, Sacchi L et al. Beyond ISN/RPS lupus nephritis classification: Adding chronicity index to clinical variables predicts kidney survival. Kidney360. 2022;3(1):122–32.

PMID: 35368572. PMCID: PMC8967609. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0005512021

34. Li S, Yang K, Zhao C, Dong F, Zeng W, Wen J et al. Repeat renal biopsy findings in 82 lupus nephritis patients: A clinicopathological study. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2025;18(7):364–74.

PMID: 40814557. PMCID: PMC12343456. https://doi.org/10.62347/VFGO9374

35. Malvar A, Alberton V, Lococo B, Lourenco M, Martinez J, Burna L et al. Remission of lupus nephritis: the trajectory of histological response in successfully treated patients. Lupus Sci Med. 2023;10(1):e000932.

PMID: 37258036. PMCID: PMC10255076. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2023-000932

36. Moroni G, Porata G, Raffiotta F, Frontini G, Calatroni M, Reggiani F et al. Predictors of increase in chronicity index and of kidney function impairment at repeat biopsy in lupus nephritis. Lupus Sci Med. 2022;9(1):e000721.

PMID: 35973744. PMCID: PMC9386217. https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2022-000721

37. Fassbinder T, Saunders U, Mickholz E, Jung E, Becker H, Schluter B, Jacobi AM. Differential effects of cyclophosphamide and mycophenolate mofetil on cellular and serological parameters in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Res Ther. 2015;17(1):92.

PMID: 25890338. PMCID: PMC4422597. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-015-0603-8

38. Mejía-Vilet JM, Ayoub I. The use of glucocorticoids in lupus nephritis: New pathways for an old drug. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:622225.

PMID: 33665199. PMCID: PMC7921306. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.622225

39. Zisa D, Zhang-Sun J, Christos PJ, Kirou KA. Sustained depression of B cell counts in lupus nephritis after treatment with rituximab and/or belimumab is associated with fewer disease flares. Lupus. 2024;33(9):938–47.

PMID: 38860319. PMCID: PMC11326872. https://doi.org/10.1177/09612033241260283

40. American College of Rheumatology. Abstract Number: LB13. Rovin B, Martins E, Austin C, Raghu H, Chan C, Chang P et al. Obinutuzumab leads to deep B-Cell depletion in the kidney parenchyma of patients with lupus nephritis: An exploratory analysis of the REGENCY trial. URL: https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/obinutuzumab-leads-to-deep-b-cell-depletion-in-the-kidney-parenchyma-of-patients-with-lupus-nephritis-an-exploratory-analysis-of-the-regency-trial/ (date of access – 26.10.2025).

41. Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, Malvar A, Teng YKO, Contreras G et al. Two-year, randomized, controlled trial of belimumab in lupus nephritis. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(12):1117–28.

PMID: 32937045. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001180

42. Rovin BH, Furie R, Teng YKO, Contreras G, Malvar A, Yu X et al. A secondary analysis of the Belimumab International Study in Lupus Nephritis trial examined effects of belimumab on kidney outcomes and preservation of kidney function in patients with lupus nephritis. Kidney Int. 2022;101(2):403–13.

PMID: 34560137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.08.027

43. Furie R, Rovin BH, Houssiau F, Contreras G, Teng YKO, Curtis P et al. Safety and efficacy of belimumab in patients with lupus nephritis: Open-label extension of BLISS-LN study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17(11):1620–30.

PMID: 36302567. PMCID: PMC9718049. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.02520322

44. Соловьев С.К., Козловская Н.Л., Асеева Е.А., Баранов А.А., Никишина Н.Ю., Насонов Е.Л. Волчаночный нефрит – современные аспекты диагностики и терапии. Часть I. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2024;62(1):55–64. (Solovyev SK, Kozlovskaya NL, Aseeva EA, Baranov AA, Nikishina NYu, Nasonov EL. Lupus nephritis – modern aspects of diagnosis and therapy. Part I. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologia = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2024;62(1):55–64 (In Russ.)).

EDN: FDVWPP. https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2024-55-64

45. Клиническая ревматология. Руководство для врачей. 3-е издание, переработанное и дополненное. Под ред. В.И. Мазурова. М.: Е-ното. 2021; 696 с. (Clinical rheumatology. A handbook for physicians. 3rd edition, revised and supplemented. Ed. by Mazurov VI. Moscow: E-noto. 2021; 696 pp. (In Russ.)). ISBN: 978-5-906023-26-1.

46. van Vollenhoven RF, Wang L, Merrill JT, Liu Y, Bao C, Li F et al.; 18C010 Trial Investigators. A phase 3 trial of telitacicept for systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2025;393(15):1475–85.

PMID: 41092329. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2414719

47. Liu X, Li N, Wu P, Qin L, Fan Y, Liu J et al. Research paper: Efficacy and safety of telitacicept combined with standard therapy for lupus nephritis. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1645826.

PMID: 40963616. PMCID: PMC12436332. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1645826

48. Wang L, Li J, Xu D, Fang J, Van Vollenhoven R, Zhang F. OP0137 efficacy and safety of telitacicept, a novel Blys/April dual inhibitor, in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A phase 3, randomized, placebo-controlled 52-week study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2023;82(Suppl_1):90.2–91.

https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2023-eular.1727

49. Асеева Е.А., Соловьев С.К., Насонов Е.Л. Генно-инженерные биологические препараты в терапии системной красной волчанки. Современная ревматология. 2013;7(3):33–40. (Aseeva EA, Solovyev SK, Nasonov EL. Genetically engineered biological agents in therapy for systemic lupus erythematosus. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2013;7(3):33–40 (In Russ.)).

EDN: RNHMGT. https://doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2013-11

50. Каратеев Р.А. Кардиоваскулярные проявления системной красной волчанки: значение сердечной недостаточности. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2023;61(3):298–306. (Karateev R.A. Cardiovascular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: The significance of heart failure. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2023;61(3):298–306 (In Russ.)).

EDN: RXPBAH. https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2023-298-306

51. Steinmetz TD, Verstappen GM, Suurmond J, Kroese FGM. Targeting plasma cells in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases – promises and pitfalls. Immunol Lett. 2023;260:44–57.

PMID: 37315847. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2023.06.005

52. Alsayb MA. Innovations in immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases: Recent breakthroughs and future directions. Front Immunol. 2025;16:1647066.

PMID: 41041324. PMCID: PMC12485509. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1647066

53. Muller F, Taubmann J, Bucci L, Wilhelm A, Bergmann C, Volkl S et al. CD19 CAR T-cell therapy in autoimmune disease – a case series with follow-up. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(8):687–700.

PMID: 38381673. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2308917

54. Furie R. 27 Bi-specific antibodies. Lupus Sci Med. 11(Suppl_3):A16–A17.

https://doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2024-la.28

55. Chindalore V, Martins E, Pendergraft III WF, Sheng XR, Schroeder A, Gearhart L et al. POS1160 a phase IB, multicentre, open-label, dose-escalation study to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of subcutaneously administered mosunetuzumab in participants with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Rheum Dis. 2025;84(Suppl_1):1232–33.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2025.06.510

56. American College of Rheumatology. Abstract Number: 0646. Mei C, Guan X, Du R, Wu B, Song Y, Chen X et al. A-319, a CD3×CD19 T cell engager, for the treatment of refractory systemic lupus erythematosus: Preliminary evidence of autoimmune reset.

URL: https://acrabstracts.org/abstract/a-319-a-cd3xcd19-t-cell-engager-for-the-treatment-of-refractory-systemic-lupus-erythematosus-preliminary-evidence-of-autoimmune-reset/ (date of access – 26.10.2025).

57. Zenas BioPharma. Zenas BioPharma announces positive results from phase 3 INDIGO registrational trial of obexelimab in immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD). January 5, 2026. URL: https://investors.zenasbio.com/news-releases/news-release-details/zenas-biopharma-announces-positive-results-phase-3-indigo (date of access – 21.10.2025).

58. Bluestone JA. The 2025 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine – a bridge to peripheral immune tolerance. J Clin Invest. 2025;135(23):e202216.

PMID: 41321313. PMCID: PMC12646648. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI202216

59. Насонов Е.Л., Рубцов Ю.П., Авдеева А.С. Нобелевская премия 2025: Т-регуляторные клетки. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2025;63(6):549–551. (Nasonov EL, Rubtsov YuP, Avdeeva AS. Nobel Prize 2025: Regulatory T cells. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2025;63(6):549–551 (In Russ.)).

EDN: YQQCPP. https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2025-549-551

60. Lyu X, Gupta L, Tholouli E, Chinoy H. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy: A new emerging landscape in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2024;63(5):1206–16.

PMID: 37982747. PMCID: PMC11065442. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kead616

61. Mougiakakos D, Kronke G, Volkl S, Kretschmann S, Aigner M, Kharboutli S et al. CD19-targeted CAR T cells in refractory systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):567–69.

62. Hu Z, Cai S, Yu Y, Chen Y, Wang B, Wang D et al. BCMA-targeted CAR T cell therapy can effectively induce disease remission in refractory lupus nephritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2025;84(10):1675–83.

PMID: 40681435. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ard.2025.06.2128

63. Луцкович Е.С., Мелешко А.Н., Луцкович Д.В. CAR-T клеточная терапия – перспективный метод лечения системной красной волчанки (обзор литературы). Вестник Витебского государственного медицинского университета. 2025;24(5):17–29. (Lutskovich KS, Meleshko AN, Lutskovich DV. CAR-T cell therapy as a promising treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (literature review). Vestnik Vitebskogo gosudarstvennogo meditsinskogo universiteta = Vitebsk Medical Journal. 2025;24(5):17–29 (In Russ.)).

EDN: SFUVSD. https://doi.org/10.22263/2312-4156.2025.5.17

64. Насонов Е.Л., Румянцев А.Г., Самсонов М.Ю. Фармакотерапия аутоиммунных ревматических заболеваний – от моноклональных антител к CAR-T-клеткам: 20 лет спустя. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2024;62(3):262–279. (Nasonov EL, Rumyantsev AG, Samsonov MYu. Pharmacotherapy of autoimmune rheumatic diseases – from monoclonal antibodies to CAR T cells: 20 years later. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2024;62(3):262–279 (In Russ.)).

EDN: UYXPOE. https://doi.org/10.47360/1995-4484-2024-262-279

65. Лила А.М., Маслянский А.Л., Дибров Д.А., Торгашина А.В., Зоткин Е.Г., Самсонов М.Ю. Деплеционно-реституционная терапия аутоиммунных ревматических заболеваний. Часть 1. Фундаментальные предпосылки и эффективность современных технологий лечения: анти-В-клеточные препараты и CAR-T-терапия. Современная ревматология. 2025;19(2):7–17. (Lila AM, Maslyanskiy AL, Dibrov DA, Torgashina AV, Zotkin EG, Samsonov MY. Depletion-restitution therapy for autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Part 1. Fundamental prerequisites and efficacy of modern treatment technologies: Anti-B-cell drugs and CAR-T therapy. Sovremennaya revmatologiya = Modern Rheumatology Journal. 2025;19(2):7–17 (In Russ.)).

EDN: OAYRTG. https://doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2025-2-7-17

66. Beheshti SA, Shamsasenjan K, Ahmadi M, Abbasi B. CAR Treg: A new approach in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol. 2022;102:108409.

PMID: 34863655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108409

67. Parodis I, Lindblom J, Toro-Dominguez D, Beretta L, Borghi MO, Castillo J et al.; RECISESADS Clinical Consortium. Interferon and B-cell signatures inform precision medicine in lupus nephritis. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;9(6):1817–35.

PMID: 38899167. PMCID: PMC11184261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2024.03.014

68. Garcia-Banol DF, Arias-Choles AM, Aldana-Perez S, Aroca-Martínez GJ, Musso CG, Navarro-Quiroz R et al. Machine learning in lupus nephritis: Bridging prediction models and clinical decision-making. Front Med (Lausanne). 2025;12:1686057.

PMID: 41234906. PMCID: PMC12605162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2025.1686057