Benefits and problems of physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2024.5.112-121

Grigor’eva I.N.

Research Institute of Therapy and Preventive Medicine – a branch of Federal Research Center “Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Novosibirsk
Abstract. COVID-19 quarantine restrictions have reduced total physical activity (PA) throughout the world globally by an average of 45–50%. At the same time, PA provides benefits directly related to reducing morbidity and mortality from coronavirus disease. Comparatively to inactive individuals, physically active individuals had lower risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.85; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.72–0.96) and severe COVID-19 (aRR 0.42; 95% CI: 0.19–0.91) and associated death (aRR 0.24; 95% CI: 0.05–0.99). Physical exercises help to preserve a healthy weight, promote a healthier diet, improve mental health, immune function, and have antioxidant effect. In addition, they may enhance the efficacy and immunogenicity of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2: for example, in physically active individuals comparatively to inactive individuals, the seroconversion rate of total anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG increases by 1.6 times (95% CI: 1.1–2.4). To motivate people to exercise, it is necessary to use tele-exercise programs, home gym strategies and exergaming to reduce future risks in case of new “waves” of COVID-19.

Literature


1. World Health Organization. Physical activity and COVID-19. URL: https://www.who.int/europe/emergencies/situations/covid-19/physical-activity-and-covid-19 (date of access – 02.05.2024).


2. Ekelund U., Tarp J., Steene-Johannessen J. et al. Dose-response associations between accelerometry measured physical activity and sedentary time and all cause mortality: Systematic review and harmonised meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019; 366: l4570.


https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4570. PMID: 31434697. PMCID: PMC6699591.


3. World Health Organization. Global recommendations on physical activity for health. URL: https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/factsheet_recommendations/en/ (date of access – 02.05.2024).


4. World Health Organization. Physical activity. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/physical-activity (date of access – 02.05.2024).


5. Caspersen C.J., Powell K.E., Christenson G.M. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: Definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985; 100(2): 126–31. PMID: 3920711. PMCID: PMC1424733.


6. Tremblay M.S., Aubert S., Barnes J.D. Sedentary Behavior Research Network (SBRN) – Terminology consensus project process and outcome. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017; 14(1): 75.


https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0525-8. PMID: 28599680. PMCID: PMC5466781.


7. Vancini R.L., Andrade M.S., Viana R.B. et al. Physical exercise and COVID-19 pandemic in PubMed: Two months of dynamics and one year of original scientific production. Sports Med Health Sci. 2021; 3(2): 80–92.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2021.04.004. PMID: 34189482. PMCID: PMC8105136.


8. Garcia-Pelagio K.P., Hew-Butler T., Fahlman M.M., Roche J.A. Women’s lives matter – The critical need for women to prioritize optimal physical activity to reduce COVID-19 illness risk and severity. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(19): 10271.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910271. PMID: 34639569. PMCID: PMC8507774.


9. Dwyer M.J., Pasini M., De Dominicis S., Righi E. Physical activity: Benefits and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2020; 30(7): 1291–94.


https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13710. PMID: 32542719. PMCID: PMC7323175.


10. Tavakol Z., Ghannadi S., Tabesh M.R. et al. Relationship between physical activity, healthy lifestyle and COVID-19 disease severity; A cross-sectional study. Z Gesundh Wiss. 2023; 31(2): 267–75.


https://doi.org/10.1007/s10389-020-01468-9. PMID: 33558839. PMCID: PMC7858040.


11. Lee S.W., Lee J., Moon S.Y. et al. Physical activity and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, severe COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 related mortality in South Korea: A nationwide cohort study. Br J Sports Med. 2022; 56(16): 901–12.


https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104203. PMID: 34301715.


12. Rowlands A.V., Dempsey P.C., Gillies C. et al. Association between accelerometer-assessed physical activity and severity of COVID-19 in UK Biobank. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes. 2021; 5(6): 997–1007.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2021.08.011. PMID: 34430796. PMCID: PMC8376658.


13. Steenkamp L., Saggers R.T., Bandini R. et al. Small steps, strong shield: Directly measured, moderate physical activity in 65 361 adults is associated with significant protective effects from severe COVID-19 outcomes. Br J Sports Med. 2022; 56(10): 568–76.


https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-105159. PMID: 35140062. PMCID: PMC8844956.


14. COVID-19 Pulse: Delivering weekly insights on the pandemic from a 150,000+ person connected cohort. URL: http://web.archive.org/web/20200417084115/https://evidation.com/news/covid-19-pulse-first-data-evidation/ (date of access – 02.05.2024).


15. Christensen A., Bond S., McKenna J. The COVID-19 conundrum: Keeping safe while becoming inactive. A rapid review of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and exercise in adults by gender and age. PLoS One. 2022; 17(1): e0263053.


https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263053. PMID: 35085330. PMCID: PMC8794124.


16. Wunsch K., Kienberger K., Niessner C. Changes in physical activity patterns due to the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(4): 2250.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19042250. PMID: 35206434. PMCID: PMC8871718.


17. Guthold R., Stevens G.A., Riley L.M., Bull F.C. Worldwide trends in insufficient physical activity from 2001 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 358 population-based surveys with 1.9 million participants. Lancet Glob Health. 2018; 6(10): e1077–e1086.


https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30357-7. PMID: 30193830.


18. Maugeri G., Castrogiovanni P., Battaglia G. et al. The impact of physical activity on psychological health during COVID-19 pandemic in Italy. Heliyon. 2020; 6(6): e04315.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04315. PMID: 32613133. PMCID: PMC7311901.


19. Munasinghe S., Sperandei S., Freebairn L. et al. The impact of physical distancing policies during the COVID-19 pandemic on health and well-being among australian adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2020; 67(5): 653–61.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.08.008. PMID: 33099413. PMCID: PMC7577185.


20. Bourdas D.I., Zacharakis E.D. Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on physical activity in a sample of Greek adults. Sports (Basel). 2020; 8(10): 139.


https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8100139. PMID: 33096721. PMCID: PMC7589063.


21. Kriaucioniene V., Bagdonaviciene L., Rodriguez-Perez C. et al. Associations between changes in health behaviours and body weight during the covid-19 quarantine in Lithuania: The Lithuanian covidiet study. Nutrients. 2020; 12(10): 3119.


https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12103119. PMID: 33065991. PMCID: PMC7599784.


22. Lopez-Moreno M., Lopez M.T.I., Miguel M., Garces-Rimon M. Physical and psychological effects related to food habits and lifestyle changes derived from COVID-19 home confinement in the Spanish population. Nutrients. 2020; 12(11): 3445.


https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113445. PMID: 33182816. PMCID: PMC7696994.


23. Barwais F.A. Physical activity at home during the COVID-19 pandemic in the two most-affected cities in Saudi Arabia. Open Public Health J. 2020; 13: 470–76.


https://doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010470.


24. Asiamah N., Opuni F.F., Mends-Brew E. et al. Short-term changes in behaviors resulting from COVID-19-related social isolation and their influences on mental health in Ghana. Community Ment Health J. 2021; 57(1): 79–92.


https://doi.org/10.1007/s10597-020-00722-4. PMID: 33033971. PMCID: PMC7543965.


25. Meyer J., McDowell C., Lansing J. et al. Changes in physical activity and sedentary behavior in response to COVID-19 and their associations with mental health in 3052 US adults. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(18): 6469.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186469.


26. Ammar A., Brach M., Trabelsi K. et al. Effects of COVID-19 home confinement on eating behaviour and physical activity: Results of the ECLB-COVID19 international online survey. Nutrients. 2020; 12(6): 1583.


https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061583. PMID: 32481594. PMCID: PMC7352706.


27. Lesser I.A., Nienhuis C.P. The impact of COVID-19 on physical activity behavior and well-being of Canadians. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(11): 3899.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17113899. PMID: 32486380. PMCID: PMC7312579.


28. Constandt B., Thibaut E., De Bosscher V. et al. Exercising in times of lockdown: An analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on levels and patterns of exercise among adults in Belgium. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 17(11): 4144.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114144. PMID: 32532013. PMCID: PMC7312512.


29. Pinho C.S., Caria A.C.I., Aras Junior R., Pitanga F.J.G. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on levels of physical fitness. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). 2020; 66Suppl 2(Suppl 2): 34–37.


https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.66.S2.34. PMID: 32965353.


30. Warburton D.E., Nicol C.W., Bredin S.S. Health benefits of physical activity: The evidence. CMAJ. 2006; 174(6): 801–9.


https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.051351. PMID: 16534088. PMCID: PMC1402378.


31. Katzmarzyk P.T., Powell K.E., Jakicic J.M. et al. Sedentary behavior and health: Update from the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019; 51(6): 1227–41.


https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000001935. PMID: 31095080. PMCID: PMC6527341.


32. He M., Xian Y., Lv X. et al. Changes in body weight, physical activity, and lifestyle during the semi-lockdown period after the outbreak of COVID-19 in China: An online survey. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2021; 15(2): e23–e28.


https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2020.237.


33. Dobrowolski H., Włodarek D. Body mass, physical activity and eating habits changes during the first COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(11): 5682.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115682. PMID: 34073223. PMCID: PMC8198350.


34. Popkin B.M., Du S., Green W.D. et al. Individuals with obesity and COVID-19: A global perspective on the epidemiology and biological relationships (published correction appears in Obes Rev. 2021; 22(10): e13305). Obes Rev. 2020; 21(11): e13128.


https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13128.


35. Vanderbruggen N., Matthys F., Van Laere S. et al. Self-reported alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use during COVID-19 lockdown measures: Results from a web-based survey. Eur Addict Res. 2020; 26(6): 309–15.


https://doi.org/10.1159/000510822. PMID: 32961535. PMCID: PMC7573904.


36. Gonzalez-Monroy C., Gomez-Gomez I., Olarte-Sanchez C.M., Motrico E. Eating behaviour changes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(21): 11130.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111130. PMID: 34769648. PMCID: PMC8582896.


37. Zhong R., Zhang Q., Qiu Y. et al. Results of the adult COVID-19 lifestyle matching study. Int J Public Health. 2022; 67: 1604329.


https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2022.1604329. PMID: 35250431. PMCID: PMC8895323.


38. Bailey K.L., Samuelson D.R., Wyatt T.A. Alcohol use disorder: A pre-existing condition for COVID-19? Alcohol. 2021; 90: 11–17.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcohol.2020.10.003. PMID: 33080339. PMCID: PMC7568767.


39. World Health Organization. Food and nutrition during self-quarantine: What to choose and how to eat healthy. 2020. URL: https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/27-03-2020-food-and-nutrition-during-self-quarantine-what-to-choose-and-how-to-eat-healthily (date of access – 02.05.2024).


40. Okuyama J., Seto S., Fukuda Y. et al. Mental health and physical activity among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2021; 253(3): 203–15.


https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem.253.203. PMID: 33775993.


41. COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet. 2021; 398(10312): 1700–12.


https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7. PMID: 34634250. PMCID: PMC8500697.


42. Wolf S., Seiffer B., Zeibig J.M. et al. Is physical activity associated with less depression and anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic? A rapid systematic review. Sports Med. 2021; 51(8): 1771–83.


https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01468-z. PMID: 33886101. PMCID: PMC8060908.


43. Yang Y.C., Chou C.L., Kao C.L. Exercise, nutrition, and medication considerations in the light of the COVID pandemic, with specific focus on geriatric population: A literature review. J Chin Med Assoc. 2020; 83(11): 977–80.


https://doi.org/10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000393. PMID: 32675738. PMCID: PMC7434014.


44. Zhang X., Li X., Sun Z. et al. Physical activity and COVID-19: An observational and Mendelian randomisation study. J Glob Health. 2020; 10(2): 020514.


https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh-10-020514. PMID: 33312507. PMCID: PMC7719276.


45. Jakobsson J., Malm C., Furberg M. et al. Physical activity during the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: Prevention of a decline in metabolic and immunological functions. Front Sports Act Living. 2020; 2: 57.


https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2020.00057. PMID: 33345048. PMCID: PMC7739799.


46. Zbinden-Foncea H., Francaux M., Deldicque L., Hawley J.A. Does high cardiorespiratory fitness confer some protection against proinflammatory responses after infection by SARS-CoV-2? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2020; 28(8): 1378–81.


https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22849. PMID: 32324968. PMCID: PMC7264673.


47. Laddu D.R., Lavie C.J., Phillips S.A., Arena R. Physical activity for immunity protection: Inoculating populations with healthy living medicine in preparation for the next pandemic. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021; 64: 102–4.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.006. PMID: 32278694. PMCID: PMC7195025.


48. da Silveira M.P., da Silva Fagundes K.K., Bizuti M.R. et al. Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: An integrative review of the current literature. Clin Exp Med. 2021; 21(1): 15–28.


https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-020-00650-3. PMID: 32728975. PMCID: PMC7387807.


49. Agha-Alinejad H., Ahmadi Hekmatikar A.H., Ruhee R.T. et al. A guide to different intensities of exercise, vaccination, and sports nutrition in the course of preparing elite athletes for the management of upper respiratory infections during the COVID-19 pandemic: A narrative review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(3): 1888.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031888. PMID: 35162910. PMCID: PMC8835175.


50. Domaszewska K., Boraczynski M., Tang Y.Y. et al. Protective effects of exercise become especially important for the aging immune system in the Covid-19 era. Aging Dis. 2022; 13(1): 129–43.


https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2021.1219. PMID: 35111366. PMCID: PMC8782560.


51. Furtado G.E., Letieri R.V., Caldo-Silva A. et al. Sustaining efficient immune functions with regular physical exercise in the COVID-19 era and beyond. Eur J Clin Invest. 2021; 51(5): e13485.


https://doi.org/10.1111/eci.13485. PMID: 33393082. PMCID: PMC7883243.


52. Simpson R.J., Kunz H., Agha N., Graff R. Exercise and the regulation of immune functions. Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci. 2015; 135: 355–80.


https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.08.001. PMID: 26477922.


53. Ost M., Coleman V., Kasch J., Klaus S. Regulation of myokine expression: Role of exercise and cellular stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2016; 98: 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.018. PMID: 26898145.


54. Mee-Inta O., Zhao Z.W., Kuo Y.M. Physical exercise inhibits inflammation and microglial activation. Cells. 2019; 8(7): 691.


https://doi.org/10.3390/cells8070691. PMID: 31324021. PMCID: PMC6678635.


55. Nielsen A.R., Mounier R., Plomgaard P. et al. Expression of interleukin-15 in human skeletal muscle effect of exercise and muscle fibre type composition. J Physiol. 2007; 584(Pt 1): 305–12.


https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2007.139618. PMID: 17690139. PMCID: PMC2277063.


56. Suzuki K., Hayashida H. Effect of exercise intensity on cell-mediated immunity. Sports (Basel). 2021; 9(1): 8.


https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9010008. PMID: 33440732. PMCID: PMC7826544.


57. Martin S.A., Pence B.D., Woods J.A. Exercise and respiratory tract viral infections. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2009; 37(4): 157–64.


https://doi.org/10.1097/JES.0b013e3181b7b57b. PMID: 19955864. PMCID: PMC2803113.


58. Nieman D.C., Wentz L.M. The compelling link between physical activity and the body’s defense system. J Sport Health Sci. 2019; 8(3): 201–17.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009. PMID: 31193280. PMCID: PMC6523821.


59. Pedersen B.K., Bruunsgaard H. How physical exercise influences the establishment of infections. Sports Med. 1995; 19(6): 393–400.


https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199519060-00003. PMID: 7676100. PMCID: PMC7101836.


60. Rahmati-Ahmadabad S., Hosseini F. Exercise against SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): Does workout intensity matter? (A mini review of some indirect evidence related to obesity). Obes Med. 2020; 19: 100245.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100245. PMID: 32342019. PMCID: PMC7184978.


61. Fondell E., Lagerros Y.T., Sundberg C.J. et al. Physical activity, stress, and self-reported upper respiratory tract infection. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011; 43(2): 272–79.


https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181edf108. PMID: 20581713.


62. Martensson S., Nordebo K., Malm C. High training volumes are associated with a low number of self-reported sick days in elite endurance athletes. J Sports Sci Med. 2014; 13(4): 929–33. PMID: 25435787. PMCID: PMC4234964.


63. Campbell J.P., Turner J.E. Debunking the myth of exercise-induced immune suppression: Redefining the impact of exercise on immunological health across the lifespan. Front Immunol. 2018; 9: 648.


https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648. PMID: 29713319. PMCID: PMC5911985.


64. Gomez-Cabrera M.C., Domenech E., Vina J. Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: Upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med. 2008; 44(2): 126–31.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.02.001. PMID: 18191748.


65. Bachi A.L., Suguri V.M., Ramos L.R. et al. Increased production of autoantibodies and specific antibodies in response to influenza virus vaccination in physically active older individuals. Results Immunol. 2013; 3: 10–16.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinim.2013.01.001. PMID: 24600554. PMCID: PMC3908325.


66. Woods J.A., Keylock K.T., Lowder T. et al. Cardiovascular exercise training extends influenza vaccine seroprotection in sedentary older adults: The immune function intervention trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009; 57(12): 2183–91.


https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2009.02563.x. PMID: 20121985.


67. Pascoe A.R., Fiatarone Singh M.A., Edwards K.M. The effects of exercise on vaccination responses: A review of chronic and acute exercise interventions in humans. Brain Behav Immun. 2014; 39: 33–41.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.003. PMID: 24126151.


68. Jakobsson J., Cotgreave I., Furberg M. et al. Potential physiological and cellular mechanisms of exercise that decrease the risk of severe complications and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Sports (Basel). 2021; 9(9): 121.


https://doi.org/10.3390/sports9090121. PMID: 34564326. PMCID: PMC8472997.


69. Bortolini M.J.S., Petriz B., Mineo J.R., Resende R.O. Why physical activity should be considered in clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines: A focus on risk groups. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022; 19(3): 1853.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031853. PMID: 35162875. PMCID: PMC8834774.


70. Gualano B., Lemes I.R., Silva R.P. et al. Association between physical activity and immunogenicity of an inactivated virus vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Brain Behav Immun. 2022; 101: 49–56.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.016. PMID: 34954325. PMCID: PMC8697420.


71. Valenzuela P.L., Simpson R.J., Castillo-García A., Lucia A. Physical activity: A coadjuvant treatment to COVID-19 vaccination? Brain Behav Immun. 2021; 94: 1–3.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2021.03.003. PMID: 33691149. PMCID: PMC7937336.


72. Baker F.L., Smith K.A., Zuniga T.M. et al. Acute exercise increases immune responses to SARS CoV-2 in a previously infected man. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021; 18: 100343.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100343. PMID: 34514439. PMCID: PMC8423674.


73. Saint-Maurice P.F., Troiano R.P., Bassett D.R. Jr. et al. Association of daily step count and step intensity with mortality among US adults. JAMA. 2020; 323(12): 1151–60.


https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1382. PMID: 32207799. PMCID: PMC7093766.


74. Yates T., Razieh C., Zaccardi F. et al. Obesity, walking pace and risk of severe COVID-19 and mortality: Analysis of UK Biobank. Int J Obes (Lond). 2021; 45(5): 1155–59.


https://doi.org/10.1038/s41366-021-00771-z. PMID: 33637952. PMCID: PMC7909370.


75. Bartlett D.B., Fox O., McNulty C.L. et al. Habitual physical activity is associated with the maintenance of neutrophil migratory dynamics in healthy older adults. Brain Behav Immun. 2016; 56: 12–20.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.02.024. PMID: 26928196. PMCID: PMC4929133.


76. Li K.K., Ng L., Cheng S.T., Fung H.H. Reverse message-framing effects on accelerometer-assessed physical activity among older outpatients with type 2 diabetes. J Sport Exerc Psychol. 2017; 39(3): 222–227.


https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2016-0249. PMID: 28915067.


77. Francis J., West K. Physical activity message framing and ethnicity before and during COVID-19. Health Commun. 2023; 38(11): 2419–29.


https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2022.2074344. PMID: 35593173.


78. Hall G., Laddu D.R., Phillips S.A. et al. A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2021; 64: 108–10.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2020.04.005. PMID: 32277997. PMCID: PMC7194897.


79. Shin J.Y., Lee J., Lee J.M., Ho N.Y. Factors affecting decreased physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic: an age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched study. Front Public Health. 2023; 11: 1170049.


https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1170049. PMID: 37546321. PMCID: PMC10400446.


80. Latorre-Roman P.A., Guzman-Guzman I.P., Delgado-Floody P. et al. Protective role of physical activity patterns prior to COVID-19 confinement with the severity/duration of respiratory pathologies consistent with COVID-19 symptoms in Spanish populations. Res Sports Med. 2023; 31(1): 74–85.


https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2021.1937166. PMID: 34128446.


81. Sallis R., Young D.R., Tartof S.Y. et al. Physical inactivity is associated with a higher risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes: A study in 48 440 adult patients. Br J Sports Med. 2021; 55(19): 1099–105.


https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2021-104080. PMID: 33849909.


82. de Boer D.R., Hoekstra F., Huetink K.I.M. et al. Physical activity, sedentary behavior and well-being of adults with physical disabilities and/or chronic diseases during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A rapid review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021; 18(12): 6342.


https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126342. PMID: 34208156. PMCID: PMC8296179.


83. Nieman D.C. Coronavirus disease-2019: A tocsin to our aging, unfit, corpulent, and immunodeficient society. J Sport Health Sci. 2020; 9(4): 293–301.


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.001. PMID: 32389882. PMCID: PMC7205734.


About the Autors


Irina N. Grigor’eva, MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), professor, chief researcher at the Department of gastroenterology, professor of the Department of education of the Research Institute of Therapy and Preventive Medicine – a branch of the Federal research center “Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences”. Address: 630089, Novosibirsk, 175/1 Borisa Bogatkova St.
E-mail: grigorieva2024@yandex.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0069-7744. eLibrary SPIN: 7198-3163. AuthorID: 96089. Scopus Author ID: 7004630757. Web of Science Researcher ID: JGE-0324-2023


Similar Articles


Бионика Медиа