Russian consensus «Hyperammonemia in adults»
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2020.4.36-51
Approved as a document of Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine (RSMSIM) and Scientific Society of Gastroenterologists of Russia (SSGR) November 20–21, 2019 by the XIV National Congress of Therapists and the XXII Congress of SSGR
Keywords: ammonia, hyperammonemia, hepatic encephalopathy, numbers test, L-Ornithine-L-Aspartate, alpha rifaximin, probiotics, prebiotics
Literature
- Березов Т.Т., Коровкин Б.Ф. Биологическая химия. М.: Медицина. 2008; 704 с. [Berezov T.T., Korovkin B.F. Biological chemistry. M.: Meditsina. 2008; 704 p. (In Russ.)].
- Марри Р., Греннер Д., Мейес П., Родуэлл В. Биохимия человека: в 2 т. Т. 1. Пер. с англ. М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний. 2009; 384 с. [Marri R., Grenner D., Meyes P., Rodwell V. Human biochemistry: in two volumes. Vol. 1. M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy. 2009; 384 p. (In Russ.)].
- Камышников В.С. Клинико-лабораторная диагностика заболеваний печени. М.: МЕДпресс-информ. 2013; 96 с. [Kamyshnikov V.S. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of liver diseases. M.: MEDpress-inform. 2013; 96 p. (In Russ.)].
- Клиническая лабораторная диагностика: Национальное руководство: в 2 т. Т.1. Под ред. В.В. Долгова, В.В. Меньшикова. М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа. 2012; 928 с. [Clinical laboratory diagnostics: National Guides: in two volumes. Vol. 1. Ed. by Dolgova V.V., Menshikova V.V. M.: GEOTAR-Media. 2012; 928 p. (In Russ.)].
- Нельсон Д., Кокс М. Основы биохимии Ленинджера: в 3 т. Т. 2. Пер. с англ. М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний. 2014;636 с. [Nelson D., Cox M. The basics of biochemistry of Lenhinger: in three volumes. Vol. 2. M.: BINOM. Laboratoriya znaniy. 2014; 636 p. (In Russ.)].
- Павлов Ч.С., Дамулин И.В., Ивашкин В.Т. Печеночная энцефалопатия: патогенез, клиника, диагностика, терапия. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2016; 1: 44–53. [Pavlov Ch.S., Damulin I.V., Ivashkin V.T. Hepatic encephalopathy: pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostics, treatment. Rossiysky zhurnal gastroenterologii, gepatologii, koloproktologii. 2016; 1: 44–53 (In Russ.)].
- Циммерман Я.С. Печеночная энцефалопатия: дефиниция, этиология, факторы патогенеза, клиника, методы диагностики и лечения. Гастроэнтерология Санкт-Петербурга. 2017; 2: 68–75. [Tsimmerman Ya.S. Hepatic encephalopathy: deficiency, etiology, pathogen factors, clinic, methods of diagnosis and treatment. Gastroenterologiya Sankt-Peterburga. 2017; 2: 68–75 (In Russ.)].
- Никонов Е.Л., Аксенов В.А. Печеночная энцефалопатия. Доказательная гастроэнтерология. 2017; 4: 25–31. [Nikonov E.L., Aksenov V.A. Hepatic encephalopathy. Dokazatel'naya gastroenterologiya. 2017; 4: 25–31 (in Russ.)]. doi: 10.17116/dokgastro20176425-31.
- Ильченко Л.Ю., Никитин И.Г. Гипераммониемия у пациентов на доцирротической стадии: клиническая реальность? Архивъ внутренней медицины. 2018; 3: 186–193. [Ilchenko L.Yu., Nikitin I.G. Hyperammonium in patients with precirrhosis stage: clinical reality? Arkhiv vnutrenney meditsiny. 2018; 3: 186–193 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.20514/2226-6704-2018-8-3-186-193.
- Голованова Е.В. Аммиак – актуальная проблема врача и пациента в терапевтической практике. Терапия. 2018; 2: 49–55. [Golovanova E.V. Ammonia as an actual problem of a doctor and patient in therapeutic practice. Terapiya. 2018; 2: 49–55 (In Russ.)].
- Blachier F., Boutry C., Bos C., Tome D. Metabolism and functions of L-glutamate in the epithelial cell of the small land large intestines. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 90: 814S–821S. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.27462S.
- Newsholme E.A., Carrie A.L. Quantitative aspects of glucose and glutamine metabolism by intestinal cells. Gut. 1994; 35: S13–S17.
- Qiu J., Thapaliya S., Runkana A. et al. Hyperammonemia in cirrhosis induces transcriptional regulation of myostatin by an NF-κB-mediated mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013; 110: 18162–67. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1317049110.
- Meza-Junco J., Montano-Loza A.J., Baracos V.E. et al. Sarcopenia as aprognostic index of nutritional status in concurrent cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2013; 47: 861–70. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e318293a825.
- Noiret L., Baigent S., Jalan R. Arterial Ammonia levels in cirrhosis are determined by systemic and hepatic hemodynamics, and by organ function: aquantitative model ingstudy. Liver Int. 2014; 34: e45–e55. doi: 10.1111/liv.12361.
- Qiu J, Tsien C, Samjhana T. Hyperammonemia-mediated autophagy in skeletal muscle contributes to sarcopenia of cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 303: E983–E993. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00183.2012.
- McDaniel J., Davuluri G., Hill E.A. et al. Hyperammonemia results in reduced muscle function independent of muscle mass. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016; 310(3): G163–70. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00322.2015.
- Ong J.P., Aggarwal A., Krieger D. et al. Correlation between ammonia levels and the severity of hepatic encephalopathy. American Journal of Medicine. 2003; 114(3): 188–93. doi: 10.1016/s0002-9343(02)01477-8.
- Mehmood M.A., Waseem T., Ahmad F.Z., Humayun M.A. Measuring partial pressure of ammonia in arterial or venous blood vs total ammonia levels in hepatic encephalopathy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 5: 602–06.
- Metz M.P. Ammonia, a troublesome analyte. Clin Biochem. 2014; 47(9): 753. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.05.044.
- Adeva M.M., Souto G., Blanco N., Donapetry C. Ammonium metabolism in humans. Metabolism. 2012; 61(11): 1495–511. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.007.
- Maranda B., Cousineau J., Allard P., Lambert M. False positives in plasma ammonia measurement and their clinical impact in a pediatric population. Clin Biochem. 2007; 40(8): 531–35. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.01.024.
- Conway E.J. Apparatus for the micro-determination of certain volatile substances: The blood ammonia, with observations on normal human blood. The Biochemical Journal. 1935; 29(12): 2755–72. doi: 10.1042/bj0292755.
- Huizenga J.R., Gips C.H., Tangerman A. The contribution of various organs to ammonia formation: A review of factors determining the arterial ammonia concentration. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1996; 33: 23–30. doi: 10.1177/000456329603300103.
- Green A. When and how should we measure plasma ammonia. Annals of Clinical Biochemistry. 1988; 25: 199–209. doi: 10.1177/000456328802500301.
- Adrover R., Cocozzella D., Ridruejo E. et al. Breath-ammonia testing of healthy subjects and patients with cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 2012; 57: 189–95. doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1858-9.
- DuBois S., Eng S., Bhattacharya R. et al. Breath ammonia testing for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50: 1780–84. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2937-6.
- Brannelly N.T., Hamilton-Shield J.P., Killard A.J. The measurement of ammonia in human breath and its potential in clinical diagnostics. AnalyticalChemistry. 2016; 46: 490–501. doi: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1153949.
- Vilstrup H., Amodio P., Bajaj J. et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014; 60: 715–35. doi: 10.1002/hep.27210.
- Yoshino M., Nishiyori J., Yamashita F. et al. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in male adolescence and adulthood. Enzyme. 1990; 43(3):160–68. doi: 10.1159/000468724.
- Laish I., Ben Ari Z. Non cirrhotic hyperammonaemic encephalopathy. Liver Int. 2011; 31(9): 1259–70. doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02550.x.
- Seung Joo Kang, Hwa Jung Kim, Donghee Kim, Aijaz Ahmed. Association between cagA negative Helicobacter pylori status and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among adults in the United States. PLoS One. 2018; 13(8): e0202325. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202325.
- Dogan Z., Filik L., Ergul B. et al. (2013). Association between Helicobacter pylori and liver-to-spleen ratio: a randomized-controlled single-blind study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 25(1): 107–10. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3283590c10.
- Nott L., Price T.J., Pittman K. et al. Hyperammonemia encephalopathy: an important cause of neurological deterioration following chemotherapy. LeukLymphoma. 2007; 48(9): 1702–11. doi: 10.1080/10428190701509822.
- Samuel I., Mason E.E., Renquist K.E. et al. Bariatric surgery trends: An 18 year report from the International Bariatric Surgery Registry. Am J Surg 2006; 192: 657–62. doi: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2006.07.006.
- Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery (LABS) Consortium. Perioperative safety in the longitudinal assessment of bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361: 445–54. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa0901836.
- Limketkai B.N., Zucker S.D. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy caused by carnitine deficiency. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23(2): 210–13. doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0473-0.
- Juhasz Pocsine K., Rudnicki S.A., Archer R.L., Harik S.I. Neurologic complications of gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Neurology 2007; 68: 1843–50. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000262768.40174.33.
- Summar M.L., Barr F., Dawling S. et al. Unmasked adult onset urea cycle disorders in the critical care setting. Crit Care Clin. 2005; 21: S1–S8. doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2005.05.002.
- Hu W.T., Kantarci O.H., Merritt J.L. 2nd et al. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency presenting as encephalopathy during adulthood following bariatric surgery. Arch Neurol 2007; 64: 126–28. doi: 10.1001/archneur.64.1.126.
- Goodin K.M., Platky K.C., Gowans G.C. et al. Asymptomatic carrier of Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency unmasked by bariatric surgery. Annual Clinical Genetics Meeting: University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 2010.
- Estrella J., Yee G., Wilcken B. et al. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy complicating bariatric surgery: A case study and review of the literature. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2013; 10: e35–e38. doi: 10.1016/j.soard.2013.10.020.
- Rogal S.S., Hu A., Bandi R., Shaikh O. Novel therapy for non cirrhotic hyperammonemia due to a spontaneous splenorenal shunt. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 8288–91. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i25.8288.
- Fenves A., Boland C.R., Lepe R. et al. Fatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy after gastric bypass surgery. Am J Med. 2008; 121: e1–e2.
- Acharya G., Mehra S., Patel R. et al. Fatal nonhepatic hyperammonemia in icu setting: a rare but serious complication following bariatric surgery. Case Rep Crit Care. 2016; 2016: 8531591. doi: 10.1155/2016/8531591.
- Kromas M.L., Mousa O.Y., John S. Hyperammonemia-induced encephalopathy: A rare devastating complication of bariatric surgery. World J Hepatol. 2015; 7(7): 1007–11. doi: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i7.1007.
- Fenves A.Z., Shchelochkov O.A., Mehta A. Hyperammonemic syndrome after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015; 23(4): 746–49. doi: 10.1002/oby.21037.
- Nagarur A., Fenves A.Z. Late presentation of fatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass. Proc (BaylUniv Med Cent). 2017; 30(1): 41–43. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2017.11929521.
- Panlaqui O.M., Tran K., Johns A. et al. Acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy in adult onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Intensive Care Med. 2008; 34: 1922–24. doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1217-2.
- Schultz R.E., Salo M.K. Under recognition of late onset ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Arch Dis Child. 2000; 82: 390–91. doi: 10.1136/adc.82.5.390.
- Плотникова Е.Ю., Макарова М.Р., Грачева Т.Ю. Возможности применения L-орнитина в спортивной медицине. Спортивная медицина. 2016; 4: 28–35. [Plotnikova E.Yu., Makarova M.P., Gracheva T.Yu. Possibilities of application of L-ornithine in sports medicine. Sportivnaya meditsina. 2016; 4: 28–35 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.17238/ISSN2223-2524.2016.4.28.
- Hawkes N.D., Thomas G.A.O., Jurewicz A. et al. Non-hepatic hyperammonaemia: an important, potentially reversible cause of encephalopathy. Postgrad Med J. 2001; 77: 717–22. doi: 10.1136/pmj.77.913.717.
- Welsh E., Kucera J., Perloff M.D. Iatrogenic hyperammonemia after anorexia. Arch Intern Med. 2010; 170: 486–88. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2009.549.
- Walker V. Severe hyperammonaemia in adults not explained by liver disease. Annals of Clin Biochemistry. 2012; 49: 214–28. doi: 10.1258/acb.2011.011206.
- Lora-Tamayo J., Palom X., Sarra´ J. et al. Multiple myeloma and hyperammonemic encephalopathy: review of 27 cases. Clin Lymphoma Myeloma. 2008; 8: 363–69. doi: 10.3816/CLM.2008.n.054.
- Kaveggia F.F., Thompson J.S., Schafer E.C. et al. Hyperammonemic encephalopathy in urinary diversion with urea-splitting urinary tract infection. Arch Intern Med. 1990; 150: 2389–92.
- Nunes V., Niinikoski H. Lysinuric Protein Intolerance. In: Adam M.P., Ardinger H.H., Pagon R.A., Wallace S.E., Bean L.J.H., Stephens K., Amemiya A., editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993–2018. 2006 Dec 21 [updated 2018 Apr 12].
- Walker V. Severe hyperammonaemia in adults not explained by liver disease. Annals of Clin Biochemistry. 2012; 49: 214–28.
- Stefan M., Bavli S. Recurrent stupor associated with chronic valproic acid therapy and hyperammonemia. Hospital Physician. 2009; 45: 17–20.
- Bajaj J.S., Pinkerton S.D., Sanyal A.J., Heuman D.M. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy to prevent motor vehicle accidents: a cost-effectiveness analysis. Hepatology. 2012; 55(4): 1164-71. doi: 10.1002/hep.25507.
- Богомолов П.О., Буеверов А.О., Уварова О.В., Мациевич М.В. Гипераммониемия у пациентов с заболеваниями печени на доцирротической стадии: возможно ли это? (Предварительные результаты исследования «СМАРТ РАДАР»). Клинические перспективы гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии. 2013; 5: 3–8. [Bogomolov P.O., Buyeverov A.O., Uvarova O.V., Matsievich M.V. Hyperammoniemia in liver disease at precirrhotic stage: it is possible? (Preliminary data of SMART RADAR study). Klinicheskie perspektivy gastroenterologii, gepatologiya. 2013; 5: 3–8 (In Russ.)].
- Galvin R., Brathen G., Ivashynka A. et al. EFNS guidelines for diagnosis, therapy and prevention of Wernicke encephalopathy. European Journal of Neurology. 2010; 17: 1408–18. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03153.x.
- Захаров В.В. Злоупотребление алкоголем: неврологические осложнения и современные подходы к терапии. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2014; 8: 36–43. [Zakharov V.V. Alcohol abuse: neurological complications and current therapeutic approaches. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2014; 8: 36–43 (In Russ.)].
- Davis B.C., Bajaj J.S. Effects of alcohol on the brain in cirrhosis: beyond hepatic encephalopathy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018; 42(4): 660–67. doi: 10.1111/acer.13605.
- Huang C.L., Tsai C.J. et al. Alcohol-related dementia: a systemic review of epidemiological studies. Psychosomatics 2017; 58(4): 331–42. doi: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.012.
- de Oliveira A., Bortolato T., Bernardes Filho F. Pellagra. J Emerg Med. 2018; 54(2): 238–40. doi: 10.1016/j.jemermed.2017.10.010.
- Díaz-Fontenla F., Castillo-Pradillo M., Díaz-Gomez A. et al. Refractory hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with hypothyroidism: Another element in ammonia metabolism. World J Gastroenterol. 2017; 23(28): 5246–52. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i28.5246.
- Jalan R., De Chiara F., Balasubramaniyan V. et al. Ammonia produces pathological changes in human hepatic stellate cells and is target for therapy of portal hypertension. J Hepatology. 2016; 64: 823–33. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.019.
- Tomomura M., Tomomura A., Dewan M.A., Saheki T. Long-chain fatty acids suppress the induction of urea cycle enzyme genes by glucocorticoid action. FEBS letters. 1996; 399: 310–12.
- Zhu L.H., Armentano L.E., Bremmer D.R. et al. Plasma concentration of urea, ammonia, glutamine around calving, and the relation of hepatic triglyceride, to plasma ammonia removal and blood acid-base balance. J Dairy Sci. 2000; 83: 734–40. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)74935-6.
- Jia B., Yu Z.J., Duan Z.F. et al. Hyperammonaemia induces hepatic injury with alteration of gene expression profiles. Liver Int. 2014; 34(5): 748–58. doi: 10.1111/liv.12365.
- Leung T.M., Lu Y., Yan W. et al. Argininosuccinate synthase conditions the response to acute and chronic ethanol-induced liver injury in mice. Hepatology 2012; 55:1596–609. doi: 10.1002/hep.25543.
- Yaplito-Lee J., Chow C.W., Boneh A. Histopathological findings in livers of patients with urea cycle disorders. Mol Genet Metab. 2013; 108(3): 161–65. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2013.01.006.
- Thomsen K.L., De Chiara F., Rombouts K. et al. Ammonia: A novel target for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, Med Hypotheses. 2018; 113: 91–97. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2018.02.010.
- Begriche K., Massart J., Robin M.A. et al. Mitochondrial adaptations and dysfunctions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2013; 58:1497–507. doi: 10.1002/hep.26226.
- Thomsen K.L., Gronbaek H., Glavind E. et al. Experimental nonalcoholic steatohepatitis compromises ureagenesis, an essential hepatic metabolic function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014; 307: G295–301. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00036.2014.
- Thomsen K.L., De Chiara F., Andreola F. et al. Ornithine transcarbamylase gene expression and hepatic urea nitrogen handling are reduced in models of NAFLD and recovers with dietary modulation and reducing bacterial translocation: Rationale for ammonia lowering therapy in NASH patients. Abstract, Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. 2015.
- Ермолов С.Ю., Шабров А.В., Ермолова Т.В. с соавт. Новые подходы к диагностике и коррекции портопеченочной гемодинамики. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2007; 4: 13–16. [Ermolov S.Yu., Shabrov A.V., Ermolova T.V. et al. New approaches to the diagnosis and correction of hepatic hemodynamics. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya i gastroenterologiya. 2007; 4: 13–16 (In Russ.)].
- Ермолова Т.В., Яковлева Д.М. Эффективность применения L-орнитина-L-аспартата у больных стеатогепатитом. Современная гастроэнтерология и гепатология. 2012; 1: 22–26. [Ermolova T.V., Yakovleva D.M. The effectiveness of the use of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in patients with steatohepatitis. Sovremennaya gastroenterologiya i gepatologiya. 2012; 1: 22–26 (In Russ.)].
- Singh S., Suresh S., McClave S.A., Cave M. Treating every needle in the haystack: hyperammonemic encephalopathy and severe malnutrition after bariatric surgery – a case report and review of the literature. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015; 39(8): 977–85. doi: 10.1177/0148607114546900.
- Vaquero J., Chung C., Cahill M.E., Blei A.T. Pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in acute liver failure. Semin Liver Dis. 2003; 23: 259–69. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-42644.
- Uribe M., Moran S., de la Mora G. Dietetic manipulations in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Rev Gastroenterol Mex. 1994; 59: 74–78.
- Cordoba J., Lopez-Hellin J., Planas M. et al. Normal protein diet for episodic hepatic encephalopathy: results of a randomized study. J Hepatol. 2004; 41: 38–43. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2004.03.023.
- Als-Nielsen B., Gluud L.L., Gluud C. Non-absorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: systematic review of randomised trials. BMJ. 2004; 328: 1046. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38048.506134.EE.
- Cash W.J., Mcconville P., Mcdermott E. at al. Current concepts in the assessment and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Q J Med. 2010; 103: 9–16. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcp152.
- Butterworth R.F. Pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy: a new look at ammonia. Metab Brain Dis 2002; 17: 221–27. doi: 10.1023/a:1021989230535.
- Demura S., Yamada T., Yamaji S. et al. The effect of l-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on performance during incremental exhaustive ergometer bicycle exercise and ammonia metabolism during and after exercise. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2010; 64: 1166–71. doi: 10.1038/ejcn.2010.149.
- Агеева Е.А., Алексеенко С.А. Опыт применения пероральной формы препарата L-орнитин-L-аспартат при гипераммониемии у больных с хроническими заболеваниями печени на доцирротической стадии. Клинические перспективы гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии. 2015; 6: 24–26. [Ageeva E.A., Alekseenko S.A. Experience with the use of the oral form of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in hyperammonemia in patients with chronic liver disease at the docirrotic stage Klinicheskie perspektivy gastroenterologii, gepatologiya. 2015; 6: 24–26 (In Russ.)].
- Бурков С.Г., Арутюнов А.Г., Годунова С.А. с соавт. Эффективность гранул L-орнитин-L-аспартата в лечении неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Consilium Medicum. 2010; 8: 43–47. [Burkov S.G., Arutyunov A.G., Godunova S.A. et al. The effectiveness of L-ornithine-L-aspartate granules in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Consilium Medicum. 2010; 8: 43–47 (In Russ.)].
- Осипенко М.Ф., Редькина А.В., Бикбулатова Е.А. с соавт. Оценка L-орнитин-L-аспартата (Гепа-Мерц) в комплексном лечении неалкогольного стеатогепатита. Гастроэнтерология. Приложение к журналу Consilium Medicum. 2010; 35–38. [Osipenko M.F., Redkina A.V., Bikbulatova E.A. et al. Evaluation of L-ornithine-L-aspartate (Hepa-Merz) in the complex treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Consilium Medicum (Suppl. Gastroenterologia). 2010; 35–38 (In Russ.)].
- Грюнграйфф К., Ламберт-Бауманн Й. Эффективность гранул L-орнитин-L-аспартата при лечении хронических заболеваний печени. Сучасна гастроентерологія. 2008; 2: 59–67. [Grungreiff K., Lambert-Baumann J. The effectiveness of granules of L-ornithine-L-aspartate in the treatment of chronic liver diseases. Suchasna gastroenterologia. 2008; 2: 59–67 (In Russ.)].
- Festi D., Vestito A., Mazzella G. et al. Management of hepatic encephalopathy: focus on antibiotictherapy. Digestion. 2006; 73(Suppl 1): 94–101. doi: 10.1159/000089784.
- Loguercio C., Federico A., De Girolamo V. et al. Cyclic treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy with rifaximin. Results of a double-blind clinical study. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2003; 49: 53–62.
- Williams R., James O.F., Warnes T.W., Morgan M.Y. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: a double-blind, randomized, dose-finding multi-centre study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2000; 12: 203–08. doi: 10.1097/00042737-200012020-00012.
- Riordan S.M., Williams R. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. N Engl J Med. 1997; 337: 473–79. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199708143370707.
- Bajaj J.S., Riggio O. Drug therapy: Rifaximin. Hepatology. 2010; 52:1484–88. doi: 10.1002/hep.23866.
- Kimer N., Krag A., Gluud L.L. Safety, efficacy, and patient acceptability of Rifaximin for hepatic encephalopathy. Patient Prefer. Adherence. 2014; 8: 331–38. doi: 10.2147/PPA.S41565.
- Sharma B.C., Sharma P., Lunia M.K. et al. A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial comparing Rifaximin plus lactulose with lactulose alone in treatment of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013; 108: 1458–63. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2013.219.
- Patidar K.R., Thacker L.R., Wade J.B. et al. Covert hepatic encephalopathy is independently associated with poor survival and increased risk of hospitalization. Patidar Am J Gastroenterol. Am J Gastroenterol. 2014; 109(11): 1757–63. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2014.264.
- Ивашкин В.Т., Маевская М.В., Павлов Ч.С. с соавт. Клинические рекомендации Российского общества по изучению печени и Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по лечению осложнений цирроза печени. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2016; 4: 71–102. [Ivashkin V.T., Mayevskaya M.V., Pavlov Ch.S. et al. Treatment of liver cirrhosis complications: Clinical guidelines of the Russian Scientific Liver Society and Russian gastroenterological association. Rossiysky zhurnal gastroenterologii, gepatologii, koloproktologii. 2016; 4: 71–102 (In Russ.)].
- Festi D., Mazzella G., Orsini M. et al. Rifaximin in the treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy; results of a multicenter study of efficacy and safety. Curr Ther Res 1993; 54(5): 598–609. doi: 10.1016/S0011-393X(05)80681-2.
- Dhiman R.K., Thumburu K.K., Verma N. et al.; Indian National Association for Study of Liver (INASL) Hepatic Encephalopathy Study Group (IHESG). Comparative efficacy of treatment options for minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review & network meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18(4): 800–12.e25. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.08.047.
- Bajaj J.S., Saeian K., Christensen K.M. et al. Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103: 1707–15. doi: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01861.x.
- Sharma P., Sharma B.C., Puri V., Sarin S.K. An open-label randomized controlled trial of lactulose and probiotics in the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008; 20: 506–11. doi: 10.1097/MEG.0b013e3282f3e6f5.
- Bongaerts G., Severijnen R., Timmerman H. Effect of antibiotics, prebiotics and probiotics in treatment for hepatic encephalopathy. Med Hypotheses. 2005; 64: 64–68. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.07.029.
- Dalal R., McGee R.G., Riordan S.M., Webster A.C. Probiotics for people with hepatic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 2(2): CD008716. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008716.
- Bajaj D., Chahal P. A case of multiple misdiagnoses in a septuagenarian. Am J Med. 2014; 127: e15–e16. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.01.022.
- Macbeth W.A., Kass E., Mcdermott W. Treatment of hepatic encephalopathy by alteration of intestinal flora with Lactobacillus acidophilus. Lancet. 1965; 285: 399–403. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(65)90002-4.
- Loguercio C., Blanco C.D.V., Coltorti M. Enterococcus lactic acid bacteria strain SF68 and lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy: A controlled study. J Int Med Res. 1987; 15: 335–43. doi: 10.1177/030006058701500602.
- Dhiman R.K., Rana B., Agrawal S. et al. Probiotic VSL# 3 reduces liver disease severity and hospitalization in patients with cirrhosis: A randomized, controlled trial. Gastroenterology. 2014; 147(6): 1327–37.e3. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.031.
- Громова О.А., Торшин И.Ю., Максимов В.А. с соавт. Систематический анализ исследований лактитола. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2019, 2: 131–142. [Gromova O.A., Torshin I. Yu., Maximov V.A. et al. Systematic analysis of lactitol studies. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2019, 2: 131–142 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-162-2-131-142.
- Ильченко Л.Ю. Печеночная энцефалопатия. Сб. трудов: Избранные главы клинической гастроэнтерологии (под ред.Л.Б. Лазебника). М.: Анахарсис. 2005; с. 209–218. [Ilchenko L.Yu. Hepatic encephalopathy. Proceedings: selected chapters of clinical gastroenterology (ed. by Lazebnik L.B.). M.: Anakharsis. 2005; pp. 209–218 (In Russ.)].
About the Autors
Leonid B. Lazebnik, MD, professor, professor of the Department of outpatient therapy of A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, President of the Scientific Society of Gastroenterologists of Russia, Vice-President of the Russian Scientific Medical Society of Internal Medicine. Address: 127473, Moscow, 20/1 Delegatskaya Str. Tel.: +7 (985) 920-83-42. Email: leonid.borisl@gmail.com