HIV infection in the elderly and senile: clinical and pathogenetic aspects


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2020.7.90-101

Murkamilov I.T., Aytbaev K.A., Fomin V.V., Murkamilova Zh.A., Yusupov F.A., Schastlivenko A.I., Rayimzhanov Zh.R.

1) I.K.Akhunbaev Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek; 2) Kyrgyz Russian Slavic University, Bishkek; 3) Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Bishkek; 4) I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia (Sechenov University); 5) Osh State University; 6) Vitebsk State Order of Peoples Friendship Medical University; 7) Burdenko Military Clinical Hospital of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, Moscow
About 3.5 million new cases of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and almost 1.5 million deaths among HIV-infected people are detected annually in the world. The increase in HIV prevalence among young and middle-aged people is recognized by all researchers, and in the next one decade, the incidence and mortality from HIV infection can spread to people of older age groups. The review provides current data on the prevalence and clinical and pathogenetic aspects of infection caused by HIV. The main risk factors for HIV infection in the elderly and older are described.
Keywords: elderly and senile age, virus, CD4 cells, HIV infection, risk factors, prevalence, antiretroviral therapy, lopinavir, tenofovir

Literature



  1. Kent S.J., Flexner C. Ageing in patients with chronic HIV infection: impact of hypercoagulation. AIDS Res Ther. 2018; 15: 22. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12981-018-0211-1.

  2. United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2019). World Population Prospects 2019, Online Edition. File INT/2B-1: Percentage of total population by broad age group, region, subregion and country, annually interpolated for 1950–2100. POP/DB/WPP/Rev.2019/INT/F02B-1.

  3. UNAIDS.org: Fact Sheet: Latest Statistics on the Status of the AIDS epidemic.

  4. Nichols B.E., Kissler S.M. Ending the HIV epidemic in the USA. Lancet HIV. 2020; S2352–3018(20)30051–55. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30051-5.

  5. Nosyk B., Zang X., Krebs E. et al. Ending the HIV epidemic in the USA: an economic modelling study in six cities. Lancet HIV. 2020; S2352–3018(20)30033–3. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30033-3.

  6. Глебова Л.И., Левощенко Е.П., Исаева С.Г. Особенности клиники СПИД-ассоциированных дерматозов у больных сифилисом, инфицированных ВИЧ. Дерматология (Прил. к журн. Consilium Medicum). 2019; 4:15–18. [Glebova L.I., Levoshchenko E.P., Isaeva S.G. Clinical case of AIDS-associated dermatosis in patients with syphilis and infected HIV. Dermatologiya (Suppl. Consilium Medicum). 2019; 4: 15–18 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/24143537.2019.4.190690.

  7. Гилаури Т.Н., Лозовская С.А., Изергина Е.В. Особенности эпидемической ситуации по ВИЧ-инфекции в мире и России (Дальневосточный федеральный округ). Современные проблемы науки и образования. 2015; 6: 57. [Gilauri T.N., Lozovskaya S.A., Izergina E.V. Features of the epidemiological situation of HIV infection in the world and Russia (Far Eastern Federal district). Sovremennye problem nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015; 6: 57 (In Russ.)].

  8. Поздеева Е.С., Омельченко Р.В., Никитина Ю.Н., Корнилов М.С. Влияние распространенности наркомании среди населения Приморского края на проявления эпидемического процесса ВИЧ-инфекции. Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2018; 3: 64–68. [Pozdeeva E.S., Omelchenko R.V., Nikitina Y.N., Kornilov M.S. Influence of drug addiction prevalence rate among primorskiy territory population on manifestations of the epidemic process of hiv infection. Tikhookeansky meditsinsky zhurnal. 2018; 3: 64–68 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17238/PmJ1609-1175.2018.3.64-68.

  9. Wandera S.O., Kwagala B., Maniragaba F. Prevalence and determinants of recent HIV testing among older persons in rural Uganda: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020; 20(1): 144. doi: 10.1186/s12889-020-8193-z.

  10. Gebo K.A., Justice A. HIV infection in the elderly. Current infectious disease reports. 2009; 11(3): 246–54. doi: 10.1007/s11908-009-0036-0.

  11. Obimakinde A.M., Adebusoye L., Achenbach C. et al. Going beyond giving antiretroviral therapy: multimorbidity in older people aging with HIV in Nigeria. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2020; 36(3): 180–85. doi: 10.1089/aid.2019.0131.

  12. Matthew Harris C., McKenzie R., Nayak S. et al. Graying of the HIV epidemic: a challenge for inpatient medicine providers. Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives.2015; 5(6): 29428. doi: 10.3402/jchimp.v5.29428.

  13. Беляков Н.А., Лиознов Д.А., Коновалова Н.В. с соавт. Тенденции развития эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции на северо-западе Российской Федерации. Медицинский академический журнал. 2015; 4(15): 59–69. [Belyakov N.A., Lioznov D.A., Konovalova N.V. et al. Trends in HIV epidemic development in the northwest of the Russian Federation. Medical Academic Journal. 2015; 4(15): 59–69 (In Russ.)].

  14. Усманова Р., Фролова Е., Усманов Р. Особенности эпидемии ВИЧ-инфекции в Альметьевском районе Республики Татарстан. Врач. 2020; 2: 52–56. [Usmanova R., Frolova E., Usmanov R. HIV epidemic features in the Almetyevsk District of the Republic of Tatarstan. Vrach. 2020; 2: 52–56 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.29296/25877305-2020-02-12.

  15. Покровский В.В. ВИЧ/СПИД в России: ситуация и прогноз. Эпидемиология и инфекционные болезни. 2008; 3: 4–7. [Pokrovskii V.V. HIV/AIDS in Russia: current situation and forecast. Epidemiologiia i infektsionnye bolezni. 2008; 3: 4–7 (In Russ.)].

  16. Autenrieth C.S., Beck E.J., Stelzle D. et al. Global and regional trends of people living with HIV aged 50 and over: estimates and projections for 2000–2020. PloS one. 2018; 13(11): e0207005. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207005.

  17. Беляков Н.А., Рассохин В.В., Колбин А.С. с соавт. Эпидемиологическая, клиническая и финансовая составляющие результатов многолетней антиретровирусной терапии пациентов с ВИЧ-инфекцией.ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии.2019; 4(11): 7–19. [Belyakov N.A., Rassokhin V.V., Kolbin A.S. et al. Epidemiological, clinical and financial components of results of long-term antiretroviral therapy of patients with HIV-infection.HIV infection and immunosuppression. 2019; 4(11): 7–19 (In Russ.)]. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-4-7-19.

  18. Хасанова Г.Р., Акчурина Л.Б., Анохин В.А. Варианты течения и прогрессирования ВИЧ-инфекции. Инфекционные болезни. 2013; 1: 72–77. [Khasanova G.R., Akchurina L.B., Anokhin V.A. Variants of the course and progression of HIV infection. Infektsionnye bolezni. 2013; 1: 72–77 (In Russ.)].

  19. Hontelez J.A., Lurie M.N., Newell M.L. et al. Ageing with HIV in South Africa. AIDS.2011; 25(13): 1665–67. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834982ea.

  20. Nguyen N., Holodniy M. HIV infection in the elderly. Clin Interv Aging. 2008; 3(3): 453–72. doi: 10.2147/cia.s2086.

  21. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2007. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2008.

  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV/AIDS surveillance report 2006, vol. 18. Atlanta, GA: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2008; pp. 1–55.

  23. Hall H.I., Song R., Rhodes P. et al. Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA. 2008; 300(5): 520–29. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.5.520.

  24. Цинзерлинг В.А. Поражения центральной нервной системы при ВИЧ-инфекции. ВИЧ-инфекция и иммуносупрессии. 2014; 1: 40–45. [Zinserling V.A. CNS lesions upon HIV infection. VICH-infektsiya i immunosupressiya. 2014; 1: 40–45 (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2014-6-1-40-45.

  25. Negredo E., Back D., Blanco J.R. et al. Aging in HIV-infected subjects: a new scenario and a new view. BioMed research international. 2017; 2017. doi: 10.1155/2017/5897298.

  26. Hung C., Hsiao C., Chen M. et al. Improved survival of persons with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Taiwan. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2006; 59(4): 222–28.

  27. Tariq S., Delpech V., Anderson J. The impact of the menopause transition on the health and wellbeing of women living with HIV: a narrative review. Maturitas. 2016; 88: 76–83. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.03.015.

  28. Ekong E., Ndembi N., Okonkwo P. et al. Epidemiologic and viral predictors of antiretroviral drug resistance among persons living with HIV in a large treatment program in Nigeria. AIDS Research and Therapy. 2020; 17(1): 1–8. doi: 10.1186/s12981-020-0261-z.

  29. Klimov V.V. Immunopathology. From Basic to Clinical Immunology. Springer. Cham. 2019; 237–79. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-03323-1_6.

  30. Dolai S., Roy A. K., Roy P. K. Mathematical Study on Human Cells Interaction Dynamics for HIV-TB Co-infection. Mathematical modelling, optimization, analytic and numerical solutions. Springer Singapore. 2020; 351–66. doi: 10.1007/978-981-15-0928-5_17.

  31. Voshavar C. Protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV/AIDS: recent advances and future challenges. Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry. 2019; 19(18): 1571–98. doi: 10.2174/1568026619666190619115243.

  32. Prathipati P.K., Mandal S., Destache C.J. A review of CCR5 antibodies against HIV: current and future aspects. Therapeutic delivery. 2019; 10(2): 107–12. doi: 10.4155/tde-2018-0072.

  33. Mahajan A., Tandon V.R., Verma S. Rheumatological Manifestations in HIV infection. J Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine. 2006; 7(2): 136–44.

  34. Selik R.M., Mokotoff E.D., Branson B. et al. Revised surveillance case definition for HIV infection-United States. 2014. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Recommendations and Reports. 2014; 63(3): 1–10.

  35. Шахгильдян В.И., Ядрихинская М.С., Орловский А.А., Яровая Е.Б. Клиническая, вирусологическая, иммунологическая характеристика госпитализированных больных ВИЧ-инфекцией. Терапевтический архив. 2018; 11: 18–23. [Shakhgildyan V.I., Yadrikhinskaya M.S., Orlovsky A.A., Yarovaya E.B. Clinical, virusological and immunological characteristics of hospitalised HIV-infected patients. Terapevtichesky arkhiv. 2018; 11: 18–23 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/terarkh201890114-23.

  36. Кожевникова Г.М., Вознесенский С.Л., Ермак Т.Н. с соавт. Оппортунистические заболевания у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией в отделении интенсивной терапии. Терапевтический архив. 2018; 11: 13–17. [Kozhevnikova G.M., Voznesenskiy S.L., Ermak T.N. et al. Opportunistic diseases in patients with HIV infection in the intensive care unit. Terapevtichesky arkhiv. 2018; 11:13–17 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/terarkh201890114-17.

  37. Сотскова В.А. Возрастная структура ВИЧ-инфицированных больных в неврологических отделениях г. Саратова. Бюллетень медицинских Интернет-конференций. 2015; 3: 193. [Sotskova V.A. Age structure of HIV-infected patients in the neurological departments of the City of Saratov. Byulleten' meditsinskikh konferentsiy. 2015; 3: 193 (In Russ.)].

  38. Reddy K.P., Horsburgh C.R., Wood R. et al. Shortened tuberculosis treatment for people with HIV in South Africa: a model-based evaluation and cost-effectiveness analysis. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2020; 17(2): 202–11. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000588.

  39. Sabin C.A., Reiss P. Epidemiology of ageing with HIV: what can we learn from cohorts? Aids. 2017; 31: S121–S128. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001374.

  40. Довгополюк Е.С., Левахина Л.И., Тюменцев А.Т. с соавт. Характеристика неблагоприятных исходов ВИЧ-инфекции в Сибирском федеральном округе. Тихоокеанский медицинский журнал. 2018; 3: 79–83. [Dovgopolyuki E.S., Levakhina L.I., Tyumentsev A.T. et al. Characteristics of adverse outcomes of HIV-infection in the siberian federal district. Tikhookeansky meditsinsky zhurnal. 2018; 3: 79–83 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17238/PmJ1609-1175.2018.3.79-83.

  41. Тлиш М.М., Наатыж Ж.Ю., Кузнецова Т.Г., Городин В.Н. Особенности дерматологической патологии на фоне ВИЧ-инфекции. Терапевтический архив. 2019; 11: 55–59. [Tlish M.M., Naatyzh Zh.Yu., Kuznetsova T.G., Gorodin V.N. Features of dermatological pathology on the background of HIV-infection. Terapevtichesky arkhiv. 2019; 11: 55–59 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019.11.000172.

  42. Montagne A., Barnes S.R., Sweeney M.D. et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron. 2015; 85(2): 296–302. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032.

  43. Пухальский А.Л., Шмарина Г.В., Алешкин В.А. Иммунологические нарушения и когнитивный дефицит при стрессе и физиологическом старении. Часть I: патогенез и факторы риска. Вестник РАМН. 2014; 5–6:14–22. [Pukhalsky A.L., Shmarina G.V., Alioshkin V.A. Immune dysfunction аnd cognitive deficit in stress and physiological aging (Part I): pathogenesis and risk factors. Vestnik Rossiyskoy Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk. 2014; 5–6:14–22 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.15690/vramn.v69i7-8.1107.

  44. Wekerle H., Sun D.M. Fragile privileges: autoimmunity in brain and eye. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2010; 31(9): 1141–48. doi: 10.1038/aps.2010.149.

  45. Epstein M. Aging and the kidney. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 1996; 7(8): 1106–22. doi: 1046.6673/0708-1 106$03.00/0.

  46. Sotaniemi E.A., Arranto A.J., Pelkonen O., Pasanen M. Age and cytochrome P450 linked drug metabolism in humans: an analysis of 226 subjects with equal histopathologic conditions.Clinical pharmacology & therapeutics.1997; 61(3): 331–39. doi: 10.1016/S0009-9236(97)90166-1.

  47. Nowak P., Troseid M., Avershina E. et al. Gut microbiota diversity predicts immune status in HIV-1 infection. Aids. 2015; 29(18): 2409–18. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000869.

  48. Storm-Larsen C., Stiksrud B., Eriksen C. et al. Microbial translocation revisited: targeting the endotoxic potential of gut microbes in HIV-infected individuals. Aids. 2019; 33(4): 645–53. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002087.

  49. Brenchley J.M., Price D.A., Schacker T.W. et al. Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection. Nature medicine. 2006; 12(12): 1365–71. doi: 10.1038/nm1511.

  50. Zicari S., Sessa L., Cotugno N. et al. Immune activation, inflammation, and non-AIDS co-morbidities in HIV-infected patients under long-term ART. Viruses. 2019; 11(3): 200. doi:.3390/v11030200.

  51. Andrew Pradeep M., Thiruvalluvan M., Nalini V., Stella Mary J. Zinc deficiency and associated T-Cell dysfunctioning among human immunodeficiency virus seropositives. Am Med J. 2010; 1(2): 109–12.

  52. Baum M.K., Shor-Posner G., Campa A. Zinc status in human immunodeficiency virus infection. The Journal of nutrition. 2000; 130(5): 1421S–1423S. doi: 10.1093/jn/130.5.1421S.

  53. Ермак Т.Н., Кравченко А.В., Шахгильдян В.И. с соавт. Развитие оппортунистических поражений у больных ВИЧ-инфекцией при отсутствии выраженного иммунодефицита. Терапевтический архив. 2018; 11: 9–12. [Ermak T.N., Kravtchenko A.V., Shakhgildyan V.I. et al. Development of opportunistic lesions in patients with HIV infection in the absence of pronounced immunodeficiency. Terapevtichesky arkhiv. 2018; 11: 9–12 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.26442/terarkh201890114-12.

  54. El-Sadr W.M., Lundgren J.D. Strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy study g. strategies for management of antiretroviral therapy study g. cd4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med. 2006; 355: 2283–96.

  55. Grund B., Baker J.V., Deeks S.G. et al. INSIGHT SMART/ ESPRIT/ SILCAAT Study Group. Relevance of interleukin-6 and D-dimer for serious non-AIDS morbidity and death among HIV-positive adults on suppressive antiretroviral therapy. PloS one. 2016; 11: 5. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155100.

  56. Hunt P.W. Very early ART and persistent inflammation in treated HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2017; 64(2): 132–33. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw697.

  57. Sikandar A., Ullah N. Microarchitecture of the thymus gland; its age and disease-associated morphological alterations, and possible means to prolong its physiological activity. Thymus. Intech Open. 2020. doi: 10.5772/intechopen.88480.

  58. Weyand C.M., Goronzy J.J. Aging of the immune system. Mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Annals of the American Thoracic Society. 2016; 13(Suppl. 5): S422–S428. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201602-095AW.

  59. Трофимова Т.Н., Бакулина Е.Г., Рассохин В.В., Беляков Н.А. Поражения головного мозга у ВИЧ-инфицированных пациентов: клинико-лабораторные и радиологические сопоставления. Медицинский академический журнал. 2015; 4: 31–39. [Тrofimova T.N., Bakulina Е.G., Rassokhin V.V., Belyakov N.А. Brain lesions in HIV patients: clinical, laboratory, and radiological comparisons. Meditsinsky akademichesky zhurnal. 2015; 4: 31–39 (In Russ.)].

  60. Ferrando-Martínez S., Ruiz-Mateos E., Concepcion Romero-Sanchez M. et al. HIV infection-related premature immunosenescence: high rates of immune exhaustion after short time of infection. Current HIV research. 2011; 9(5): 289–94. doi: 10.2174/157016211797636008.

  61. Strahl C., Blackburn E.H. Effects of reverse transcriptase inhibitors on telomere length and telomerase activity in two immortalized human cell lines.Molecular and cellular biology. 1996; 16(1): 53–65. doi: 10.1128/MCB.16.1.53.

  62. Sabbagh W., Darwich N.S. Pneumocystis Jiroveci Pneumonia and newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (AIDS) in a 63-year-old woman. The American journal of case reports. 2018; 19: 927–31. doi: 10.12659/AJCR.909612.

  63. Lederman M.M., Benigno Rodriguez M.D., Sieg S. Immunopathogenesis of HIV Infection HIV InSite Knowledge Base Chapter October. 2004; Content reviewed January 2006. Available at: http://hivinsite.ucsf.edu/InSite?page=kb-02-01-04.

  64. Boccara F., Lang S., Meuleman C. et al. HIV and coronary heart disease: time for a better understanding. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 61(5): 511–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.063.

  65. Meilahn E.N., Kuller L.H., Mathews K.A., Kiss J.E. Hemostatic factors according to menopausal status and use of hormone replacement therapy. Ann Epidemiol. 1992; 2(4): 445–55. doi: 10.1016/1047-2797(92)90094-7.

  66. Sites C.K., Toth M.J., Cushman M. et al. Menopause-related differences in inflammation markers and their relationship to body fat distribution and insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. Fertil Steril. 2002; 77(1): 128–35. doi: 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02934-X.

  67. Cioffi M., Esposito K., Vietri M.T. et al. Cytokine pattern in postmenopause. Maturitas. 2002; 41(3): 187–92. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5122(01)00286-9.

  68. Ferrucci L., Corsi A., Lauretani F. et al. The origins of age-related proinflammatory state. Blood. 2005; 105(6): 2294–99. doi: 10.1182/blood-2004-07-2599.

  69. Donato A.J., Black A.D., Jablonski K.L. et al. Aging is associated with greater nuclear NFκB, reduced IκBα, and increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in vascular endothelial cells of healthy humans. Aging cell. 2008; 7(6): 805–12. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00438.x.

  70. Ridker P.M. From C-reactive protein to interleukin-6 to interleukin-1: moving upstream to identify novel targets for atheroprotection. Circulation Res. 2016; 118: 145–56. doi: 10.161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306656.

  71. Crawford K.W., Spritzler J., Kalayjian R.C. et al. Age-related changes in plasma concentrations of the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir. AIDS research and human retroviruses. 2010; 26(6): 635–43. doi: 10.1089/aid.2009.0154.

  72. Mateo L., Holgado S., Marinoso M. L. et al. Hypophosphatemic osteomalacia induced by tenofovir in HIV-infected patients. Clinical rheumatology. 2016; 35(5): 1271–79. doi: 10.1007/s10067-014-2627-x.

  73. Scherzer R., Gandhi M., Estrella M.M. et al. A chronic kidney disease risk score to determine tenofovir safety in a prospective cohort of HIV-positive male veterans. AIDS (London, England). 2014; 28(9):1289–95. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000000258.

  74. McComsey G.A., Kitch D., Daar E.S. et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: Aids Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202 .Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2011; 203(12): 1791–801. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir188.

  75. Achhra A.C., Nugent M., Mocroft A. et al. Chronic kidney disease and antiretroviral therapy in HIV-positive individuals: recent developments. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 2016; 13(3): 149–57. doi: 10.1007/s11904-016-0315-y.

  76. Worm S.W., Sabin C., Weber R. et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major drug classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D: A: D) study. The Journal of infectious diseases. 2010; 201(3): 318–30. doi: 10.1086/649897.

  77. Ryom L., Lundgren J.D., El-Sadr W.M. et al. Association between cardiovascular disease and contemporarily used protease inhibitors.bConference on retroviruses and opportunistic infections (CROI). 2017; 13–16.

  78. Schoen J.C., Erlandson K.M., Anderson P.L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs in older persons. Expert opinion on drug metabolism & toxicology. 2013; 9(5): 573–88. doi: 10.1517/17425255.2013.781153.

  79. Boccara F., Lang S., Meuleman C. et al. HIV and coronary heart disease: time for a better understanding. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2013; 61(5): 511–23. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.06.063.

  80. Klatt E.C. Cardiovascular pathology in AIDS. HIV Infection and the Cardiovascular System. Karger Publishers. 2003; 40: 23–48. doi: 10.1159/000073174.

  81. Богородская Е.М., Синицын М. В., Белиловский Е. М. с соавт. Влияние ВИЧ-инфекции на структуру впервые выявленных больных туберкулезом, зарегистрированных в городе Москве. Туберкулез и болезни легких. 2017; 10: 17–28. [Bogorodskaya E.M., Sinitsyn M.V., Belilovsky E.M. et al. Impact of HIV infection on the structure of new tuberculosis cases detected in the city of Moscow. Tuberkulyoz i bolezni lyogkikh. 2017; 10: 17–28 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.21292/2075-1230-2017-95-10-17-26.


About the Autors


Ilkhom T. Murkamilov, PhD, acting associate professor of the Department of faculty therapy of Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaev, Senior lecturer of Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University, nephrologist, Chairman of the board of Chronic kidney disease specialists Society of Kyrgyzstan. Address: Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, 92 I. Akhunbaev Str. E-mail: murkamilov.i@mail.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8513-9279
Kubanych A. Aitbaev, MD, professor, member of the board of Chronic kidney disease specialists Society of Kyrgyzstan, head of Pathological physiology laboratory of Scientific Research Institute of molecular biology and medicine of the Ministry of Healthcare of Kyrgyzstan. Address: Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, 3 Togolok Moldo Str. Е-mail: kaitbaev@yahoo.com. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4973-039X
Viktor V. Fomin, MD, professor, corresponding member of RAS, Vice-rector in clinical work and continuous professional education, Director of Clinic of faculty therapy named after V.N. Vinogradov, head of the Department of faculty therapy No 1 of I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State medical University (Sechenov University) of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 119146, Moscow, 6 Bolshaya Pirogovskaya Str. Tel.: +7 (499) 248-62-22. E-mail: fomin@mma.ru. Scopus Author ID: 34769949900. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2682-4417
Zhamila A. Murkamilova, correspondence graduate student, therapist of Center of Family Medicine No 7. Address: Kyrgyzstan, Bishkek, 3/1 Togolok Moldo Str. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7653-0433
Furkat A. Yusupov, MD, professor, head of the Department of neurology, psychiatry and medicinal genetics of medicinal faculty of Osh State University, board member of Chronic kidney disease specialists Society of Kyrgyzstan, Chief neurologist of Southern region of Kyrgyzstan. Address: 714000, Kyrgyzstan, Osh, 331 Lenina Str. Tel.: (+996) 557202071. Е-mail: furcat_y@mail.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0632-6653
Andrey I. Schastlivenko, PhD, associate professor of the Department of General Practitioner with a course of outpatient therapy of Vitebsk State Order of Peoples Friendship Medical University. Address: 210023, Belarus, Vitebsk, 27 Frunze prospect. Тел.: +375 (212) 60-13-95. Е-mail: andrei.schastlivenko@mail.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-0776
Zafarbek R. Rayimzhanov, correspondence graduate student of Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaev, neurologist of 29th neurological Department of N.N. Burdenko military clinical hospital of the Ministry of Defense of Russia. Address: 105094, Moscow, 3 Gospital`naya Sq. Tel.: +7 (926) 040-16-61. Е-mail: rzrmam@mail.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5746-6731


Бионика Медиа