Syndrome of increased epithelial permeability of the intestine in real clinical practice


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2020.8.174-185

Trukhan D.I., Chusova N.A.

1) Omsk State Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia; 2) A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia
Currently, the role of increased intestinal permeability is discussed not only in the development of gastroenterological diseases, but also in the pathology of other organs and systems of the body. The first part of this review discusses the structure of the intestinal barrier, physiological and pathological regulators of intestinal permeability, issues of diagnosing permeability disorders, discusses the possible relationship between syndrome of increased epithelial permeability and cardiovascular diseases. The second part of the review is devoted to rebamipide, the only drug to date has been proven to act on intestinal permeability and tight contact system. This review of studies demonstrates the ability of rebamipide to restore the barrier function of the intestine at all its three levels. Increasing the protective properties of the barrier of the mucous membranes of the body using rebamipide allows us to consider it as a promising drug in the complex treatment of comorbid patients during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Literature



  1. Arrieta M.C., Bistritz L., Meddings J.B. Alterations in intestinal permeability. Gut. 2006; 55(10): 1512–20. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.085373.

  2. Turner J.R. Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009; 11: 799–809. DOI: 10.1038/nri2653.

  3. Odenwald M.A., Turner J.R. Intestinal permeability defects: Is it time to treat? Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 11(9): 1075–83. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2013.07.001.

  4. Graziani C., Talocco C., De Sire R. et al. Intestinal permeability in physiological and pathological conditions: major determinants and assessment modalities. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019; 23(2): 795–810. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_201901_1689.

  5. Sturgeon C., Fasano A. Zonulin, a regulator of epithelial and endothelial barrier functions, and its involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases. Tissue Barriers. 2016; 4: e1251384. doi: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1251384.

  6. Chang J., Leong R.W., Wasinger V.C. et al. Impaired intestinal permeability contributes to ongoing bowel symptoms in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and mucosal healing. Gastroenterology. 2017; 153: 723–31. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.056.

  7. Eutamene H., Beaufrand C., Harkat C., Theodorou V. The role of mucoprotectants in the management of gastrointestinal disorders. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018; 12(1): 83–90. doi: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1378573.

  8. Fukui H. Increased intestinal permeability and decreased barrier function: does it really influence the risk of inflammation? Inflamm Intest Dis. 2016; 1(3): 135–45 doi: 10.1159/000447252.

  9. Scaldaferri F., Pizzoferrato M., Gerardi V. et al. The gut barrier: new acquisitions and therapeutic approaches. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2012; 46 Suppl: 12–17. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e31826ae849.

  10. Lopetuso R., Scaldaferri F., Bruno G. et al. The therapeutic management of gut barrier leaking: the emerging role for mucosal barrier protectors. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015; 19(6): 1068–76.

  11. Jandhyala S.M., Talukdar R., Subramanyam C. et al. Role of the normal gut microbiota. World J Gastroenterol. 2015; 21(29): 8787–803. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8787.

  12. Browne H.P., Neville B.A., Forster S.C., Lawley T.D. Transmission of the gut microbiota: spreading of health. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017; 15: 531–43. doi: 10.1038/nrmicro.2017.50.

  13. Nguyen H., Loustaunau C., Facista A. et al. Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer. J Vis Exp. 2010; 41: 1931. doi: 10.3791/1931.

  14. Greenwood-Van Meer Veld B., Johnson A.C., Grundy D. Gastrointestinal physiology and function. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2017; 239: 1–16. doi: 10.1007/164_2016_118.

  15. Van der Sluis M., De Koning B.A., De Bruijn A.C. et al. Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection. Gastroenterology. 2006; 131(1): 117–29. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2006.04.020.

  16. Johansson M.E., Sjovall H., Hansson G.C. The gastrointestinal mucus system in health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013; 10(6): 352–61. doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2013.35.

  17. Johansson M.E., Phillipson M., Petersson J. et al. The inner of the two Muc2 mucin-dependent mucus layers in colon is devoid of bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008; 105(39): 15064–69. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0803124105.

  18. Suzuki T., Yoshida N., Nakabe N. et al. Prophylactic effect of rebamipide on aspirin–induced gastric lesions and disruption of tight junctional protein zonula occludens-1 distribution. J Pharmacol Sci. 2008; 106(3): 469–77. doi: 10.1254/jphs.fp0071422.

  19. Guttman J.A., Finlay B.B. Tight junctions as targets of infectious agents. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009; 1788(4): 832–41. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.028.

  20. Van Itallie C.M., Tietgens A.J., Anderson J.M. Visualizing the dynamic coupling of claudin strands to the actin cytoskeleton through ZO-1. Mol Biol Cell. 2017; 28(4): 524–34. doi: 10.1091/mbc.E16-10-0698.

  21. Lopetuso L., Graziani C., Guarino A. et al. Gelatin tannate and tyndallized probiotics: a novel approach for treatment of diarrhea. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2017; 21(4): 873–83.

  22. Spadoni I., Pietrelli A., Pesole G., Rescigno M. Gene expression profile of endothelial cells during perturbation of the gut vascular barrier. Gut Microbes. 2016; 7(6): 540–48. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1239681.

  23. Spadoni I., Fornasa G., Rescigno M. Organ-specific protection mediated by cooperation between vascular and epithelial barriers. Nat Rev Immunol. 2017; 17(12): 761–73. doi: 10.1038/nri.2017.100.

  24. Antoni L., Nuding S., Wehkamp J., Stange E.F. Intestinal barrier in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(5): 1165–79. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i5.1165.

  25. Jeon M.K., Klaus C., Kaemmerer E., Gassler K. Intestinal barrier: molecular pathways and modifiers. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2013; 4: 94–99. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v4.i4.94.

  26. Lee S.H. Intestinal permeability regulation by tight junction: implication on inflammatory bowel diseases. Intest Res. 2015; 13: 11–18. doi: 10.5217/ir.2015.13.1.11.

  27. Lee K., Lee S.H., Kim T.H. The biology of prostaglandins and their role as a target for allergic airway disease therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(5): 1851. doi: 10.3390/ijms21051851.

  28. Ивашкин В.Т., Трухманов А.С., Гоник М.И. Применение ребамипида в лечении гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Терапевтический архив. 2020; 4: 98–104. [Ivashkin V.T., Trukhmanov A.S., Gonik M.I. Rebamipide using in gastroesophageal reflux disease treatment. Terapevticheskiy arkhiv. 2020; 4: 98–104 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2020.04.000568.

  29. Saunders P.R., Kosecka U., Mckay D.M., Perdue M.H. Acute stressors stimulate ion secretion and increase epithelial permeability in rat intestine. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267: 794–99. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.1994.267.5.G794.

  30. Wilson l.M., Baldwin A.L. Environmental stress causes mast cell degranulation, endothelial and epithelial changes, and edema in the rat intestinal mucosa. Microcirculation. 1999; 6: 189–98.

  31. Pals K.L., Chang R.T., Ryan A.J., Gisolfi C.V. Effect of running intensity on intestinal permeability. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 571–76. doi: 10.1152/jappl.1997.82.2.571.

  32. Lambert G.P., Broussard L.J., Mason B.L. et al. Gastrointestinal permeability during exercise: effects of aspirin and energy–containing beverages. J Appl Physiol. 2001; 90: 2075–80. doi: 10.1152/jappl.2001.90.6.2075.

  33. Sumida K., Molnar M.Z., Potukuchi P.K. et al. Constipation and risk of death and cardiovascular events. Atherosclerosis. 2019; 281: 114–20. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.021.

  34. Khalif I.L., Quigley E.M., Konovitch E.A., Maximova I.D. Alterations in the colonic flora and intestinal permeability and evidence of immune activation in chronic constipation. Dig Liver Dis. 2005; 37(11): 838–49. doi: 10.1016/j.dld.2005.06.008.

  35. Rungoe C., Basit S., Ranthe M.F. et al. Risk of ischaemic heart disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide Danish cohort study. Gut. 2013; 62(5): 689–94. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl–2012-303285.

  36. Honkura K., Tomata Y., Sugiyama K. et al. Defecation frequency and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: The Ohsaki cohort study. Atherosclerosis. 2016; 246: 251–56. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.007.

  37. Воробьева Н.М., Ткачева О.Н. Повышенная проницаемость кишечной стенки и ее роль в возникновении сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Фарматека. 2020; 27(3): 122–128. [Vorobyova N.M., Tkacheva O.N. Increased intestinal permeability and its role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Farmateka. 2020; 27(3): 122–128 (In Russ)]. doi: https: //dx.doi.org/10.18565/pharmateca.2020.3.00-00.

  38. Kim S., Goel R., Kumar A. et al. Imbalance of gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with high blood pressure. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018; 132(6): 701–18. doi: 10.1042/CS20180087.

  39. Heianza Y., Ma W., Manson J.E. et al. Gut microbiota metabolites and risk of major adverse cardiovascular disease events and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017; 6(7): e004947. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004947.

  40. Jin M., Qian Z., Yin J. et al. The role of intestinal microbiota in cardiovascular disease. J Cell Mol Med. 2019; 23(4): 2343–50. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14195.

  41. Rogler G., Rosano G. The heart and the gut. Eur Heart J. 2014; 35(7): 426–30. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/eht271.

  42. Sandek A., Bjarnason I., Volk H.D. et al. Studies on bacterial endotoxin and intestinal absorption function in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2012; 157(1): 80–85. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.12.016.

  43. Wang L., Llorente C., Hartmann P. et al. Methods to determine intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation during liver disease. J Immunol Methods. 2015; 421: 44–53. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.12.015.

  44. Fasano A. Zonulin, regulation of tight junctions, and autoimmune diseases. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2012; 1258(1): 25–33. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06538.x.

  45. Arakawa T., Higuchi K., Fujiwara Y. et al. 15th anniversary of rebamipide: looking ahead to the new mechanisms and new applications. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50 Suppl 1: S3–S11. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2800-9.

  46. Matysiak-Budnik T., Heyman M., Megraud F. Review article: rebamipide and the digestive epithelial barrier. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18 Suppl 1: 55–62. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2036.18.s1.6.x.

  47. Fujiwara Y., Higuchi K., Tominaga K. et al. [Quality of ulcer healing and rebamipide]. Nihon Rinsho. 2005; 63 Suppl 11:3 97–400.

  48. Naito Y., Yoshikawa T. Rebamipide: a gastrointestinal protective drug with pleiotropic activities. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010; 4(3): 261–70. doi: 10.1586/ egh.10.25.

  49. Zhang S., Qing Q., Bai Y. et al. Rebamipide helps defend against nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs induced gastroenteropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2013; 58(7): 1991–2000. doi: 10.1007/s10620-013-2606-0.

  50. Kleine A., Kluge S., Peskar B.M. Stimulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis mediates gastroprotective effect of rebamipide in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 1993; 38(8): 1441–49. doi: 10.1007/bf01308601.

  51. Sun W.H., Tsuji S., Tsujii M. et al. Induction of cyclooxygenase-2 in rat gastric mucosa by rebamipide, a mucoprotective agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2000; 295(2): 447–52.

  52. Suetsugu H., Ishihara S., Moriyama N. et al. Effect of rebamipide on prostaglandin EP4 receptor gene expression in rat gastric mucosa. J Lab Clin Med. 2000; 136(1): 50–57. doi: 10.1067/mlc.2000.107303.

  53. Tarnawski A.S., Jones M.K. The role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor in mucosal protection, adaptation to injury, and ulcer healing: involvement of EGF-R signal transduction pathways. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1998; 27 Suppl 1: S12–20. doi: 10.1097/00004836–199800001–00004.

  54. Tarnawski A.S., Chai J., Pai R., Chiou S.K. Rebamipide activates genes encoding angiogenic growth factors and Cox2 and stimulates angiogenesis: a key to its ulcer healing action? Dig Dis Sci. 2004; 49(2): 202–09. doi: 10.1023/b:ddas.0000017439.60943.5c.

  55. Udagawa A., Shiota G., Ichiba M., Murawaki Y. Effect of rebamipide on acetic acid–induced gastric ulcer in rats: involvement of hepatocyte growth factor. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38(2): 141–46. doi: 10.1080/00365520310000609.

  56. Watanabe S., Wang X.E., Hirose M. et al. Effects of rebamipide on bile acid-induced inhibition of gastric epithelial repair in a rabbit cell culture model. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1996; 10(6): 927–32. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2036.1996.105276000.x.

  57. Hahm K.B., Park I.S., Kim Y.S. et al. Role of rebamipide on induction of heat-shock proteins and protection against reactive oxygen metabolite–mediated cell damage in cultured gastric mucosal cells. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997; 22(4): 711–16. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00406-6.

  58. Fujioka T., Arakawa T., Shimoyama T. et al. Effects of rebamipide, a gastro–protective drug on the Helicobacter pylori status and inflammation in the gastric mucosa of patients with gastric ulcer: a randomized double–blind placebo–controlled multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18 Suppl 1: 146–52. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.18.s1.20.x.

  59. Yoshida N., Yoshikawa T., Iinuma S. et al. Rebamipide protects against activation of neutrophils by Helicobacter pylori. Dig Dis Sci. 1996; 41(6): 1139–44. doi: 10.1007/bf02088229.

  60. Du Y., Li Z., Zhan X. et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of rebamipide according to Helicobacter pylori status in patients with chronic erosive gastritis: a randomized sucralfate-controlled multicenter trial in China-STARS study. Dig Dis Sci. 2008; 53(11): 2886–95. doi: 10.1007/s10620-007-0180-z.

  61. Masamune A., Yoshida M., Sakai Y., Shimosegawa T. Rebamipide inhibits ceramide-induced interleukin-8 production in Kato III human gastric cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2001; 298(2): 485–92.

  62. Sugimoto M., Uotani T., Furuta T. Does rebamipide prevent gastric mucosal injury in patients taking aspirin and clopidogrel? Dig Dis Sci. 2014; 59(8): 1671–73. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3145-z.

  63. Suzuki H., Mori M., Kai A. et al. Effect of rebamipide on H. pylori-associated gastric mucosal injury in Mongolian gerbils. Dig Dis Sci. 1998; 43(9 Suppl): 181S–187S.

  64. Hayashi S., Sugiyama T., Amano K. et al. Effect of rebamipide, a novel antiulcer agent, on Helicobacter pylori adhesion to gastric epithelial cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 42(8): 1895–99.

  65. Tanigawa T., Watanabe T., Otani K. et al. Rebamipide inhibits indomethacin-induced small intestinal injury: possible involvement of intestinal microbiota modulation by upregulation of α-defensin 5. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013; 704(1–3): 64–69. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.010.

  66. Yamada S., Naito Y., Takagi T. et al. Rebamipide ameliorates indomethacin–induced small intestinal injury in rats via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases activity. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012; 27(12): 1816–24. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07275.x.

  67. Hasegawa M., Horiki N., Tanaka K. et al. The efficacy of rebamipide add-on therapy in arthritic patients with COX-2 selective inhibitor-related gastrointestinal events: a prospective, randomized, open–label blinded–endpoint pilot study by the GLORIA study group. Mod Rheumatol. 2013; 23(6): 1172–78. doi: 10.1007/s10165-012-0819-2.

  68. Kim J.H., Park S.H., Cho C.S. et al. Preventive efficacy and safety of rebamipide in nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drug-induced mucosal toxicity. Gut Liver. 2014; 8(4): 371–79. doi: 10.5009/gnl.2014.8.4.371.

  69. Tozawa K., Oshima T., Okugawa T. et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of rebamipide for gastric mucosal injury taking aspirin with or without clopidogrel. Dig Dis Sci. 2014; 59(8): 1885–90. doi: 10.1007/s10620-014-3108-4.

  70. Watanabe T., Takeuchi T., Handa O. et al. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of high–dose rebamipide treatment for low-dose aspirin induced moderate-to-severe small intestinal damage. PLoS One. 2015; 10(4): e0122330. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122330.

  71. Niwa Y., Nakamura M., Ohmiya N. et al. Efficacy of rebamipide for diclofenac–induced small–intestinal mucosal injuries in healthy subjects: a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over study. J Gastroenterol. 2008; 43(4): 270–76. doi: 10.1007/s00535-007-2155-4.

  72. Fujimori S., Takahashi Y., Gudis K. et al. Rebamipide has the potential to reduce the intensity of NSAID-induced small intestinal injury: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial evaluated by capsule endoscopy. J Gastroenterol. 2011; 46(1): 57–64. doi: 10.1007/s00535-010-0332-3.

  73. Mizukami K., Murakami K., Abe T. et al. Aspirin-induced small bowel injuries and the preventive effect of rebamipide. World J Gastroenterol. 2011; 17(46): 5117–22. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i46.5117.

  74. Kurokawa S., Katsuki S., Fujita T. et al. A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial, healing effect of rebamipide in patients with low-dose aspirin and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced small bowel injury. J Gastroenterol. 2014; 49(2): 239–44. doi: 10.1007/s00535-013-0805-2.

  75. Genta R.M. Review article: the role of rebamipide in the management of inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18(Suppl 1): 8–13. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.18.s1.5.x.

  76. Мороз Е.В., Каратеев А.Е. Ребамипид: эффективная медикаментозная профилактика НПВП-энтеропатии возможна. Современная ревматология. 2016; 4: 97–105. [Moroz E.V., Karateev A.E. Rebamipide: effective drug prevention of NSAID enteropathy is possible. Sovremennaya revmatologiya. 2016; 4: 97–105 (In Russ.)]. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2016-4-97-105.

  77. Симаненков В.И., Лутаенко Е.А., Никогосян А.А. Клинико-фармакологические особенности применения ребамипида при заболеваниях желудочно-кишечного тракта. Литературный обзор. Медицинский совет. 2016; 19: 88–95. [Simanenkov V.I., Lutaenko E.A., Nikoghosyan A.A. Clinical and pharmacological features of the use of rebamipide in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Literature review. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2016; 19: 88–95 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2016-19-88-95.

  78. Чорбинская С.А., Кудрявцева Н.А., Степанова И.И. с соавт. НПВП-индуцированное поражение желудочно-кишечного тракта. Новые возможности гастро- и энтеропротекции. Кремлевская медицина. Клинический вестник. 2019; 4: 98–104. [Chorbinskaya S.A., Kudryavceva N.A., Stepanova I.I. et al. NSAID-induced lesions of the gastrointestinal tract. New possibilities of gastro- and enteroprotection. Kremlevskaya medicina. Klinicheskiy vestnik. 2019; 4: 98–104 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26269/brbt-1q23.

  79. Каратеев А.Е., Мороз Е.В., Крюков Е.В. Поражение тонкой кишки, ассоциированное с приемом нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов. Альманах клинической медицины. 2019; 6: 559–567. [Karateev A.E., Frost E.V., Kryukov E.V. Damage to the small intestine associated with non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs. Almanakh klinicheskoy meditsiny. 2019; 6: 559–567 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-048.

  80. Ishihara K., Komuro Y., Nishiyama N. et al. Effect of rebamipide on mucus secretion by endogenous prostaglandin-independent mechanism in rat gastric mucosa. Arzneimittelforschung. 1992; 42(12): 1462–66.

  81. Iijima К., Ichikawa T., Okada S. et al. Rebamipide, a cytoprotective drug, increases gastric mucus secretion in human: evaluations with endoscopic gastrin test. Dig Dis Sci. 2009; 54(7): 1500–07. doi: 10.1007/s10620-008-0507-4.

  82. Nagano Y., Matsui H., Muramatsu M. et al. Rebamipide significantly inhibits indomethacin–induced mitochondrial damage, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis in gastric epithelial RGM-1 cells. Dig Dis Sci. 2005; 50(Suppl. 1): 76–83. doi: 10.1007/s10620-005-2810-7.

  83. Lai Y., Zhong W., Yu T. et al. Rebamipide promotes the regeneration of aspirin-induced small-intestine mucosal injury through accumulation of β-catenin. PLoS One. 2015; 10(7): e0132031. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132031.

  84. Haruma K., Ito M. Review article: clinical significance of mucosal–protective agents: acid, inflammation, carcinogenesis and rebamipide. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003; 18(Suppl. 1): 153–59. doi: 10.1046/j.1365–2036.18.s1.17.x.

  85. Pittayanon R., Piyachaturawat P., Rerknimitr R. et al. Cytoprotective agent for peptic ulcer prevention in patients taking dual antiplatelet agents: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019; 34(9): 1517–22. doi: 10.1111/jgh.14671.

  86. Koretsune Y., Yamashita T., Yasaka M. et al. Comparative effectiveness and safety of warfarin and dabigatran in patients with non–valvular atrial fibrillation in Japan: A claims database analysis. J Cardiol. 2019; 73(3): 204–09. doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.09.004.

  87. Оганов Р.Г., Симаненков В.И., Бакулин И.Г. с соавт. Коморбидная патология в клинической практике. Алгоритмы диагностики и лечения. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2019; 18(1): 5–66. [Oganov R.G., Simanenkov V.I., Bakulin I.G. et. al. Comorbidities in clinical practice. Algorithms for diagnostics and treatment. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika. 2019; 18(1): 5–66 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2019-1-5-66.

  88. Akagi S., Fujiwara T., Nishida M. et al. The effectiveness of rebamipide mouthwash therapy for radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2019; 5: 16. doi: 10.1186/s40780-019-0146-2.

  89. Watanabe H. Medical treatment for dry eye in Japan. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018; 59(14): DES116–DES120. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-24130.

  90. Гриневич В.Б., Губонина И.В., Дощицин В.Л. с соавт. Особенности ведения коморбидных пациентов в период пандемии новой коронавирусной инфекции (COVID-19). Национальный консенсус – 2020. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020; 4: 135–172. [Grinevich V.B., Gubonina I.V., Doshchitsin V.L. et. al. Management of patients with comorbidity during novel coronavirus (COVID–19) pandemic. National Consensus Statement – 2020. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika. 2020; 4: 135–172 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2630.

  91. Гриневич В.Б., Кравчук Ю.А., Ткаченко Е.И. с соавт. Особенности ведения больных с гастроэнтерологической патологией в условиях пандемии COVID-19. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2020; 4: 3–18. [Grinevich V.B., Kravchuk Yu.A., Tkachenko E.I. et al. Features of management of patients with gastroenterological pathology in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Eksperimental'naya i klinicheskaya gastroenterologiya. 2020; 4: 3–18 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-176-4-3-18.

  92. Ткачева О.Н., Котовская Ю.В., Алексанян Л.А. с соавт. Новая коронавирусная инфекция SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста: особенности профилактики, диагностики и лечения. Согласованная позиция экспертов Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2020; 3: 127–150. [Tkacheva O.N., Kotovskaya Yu.V., Aleksanyan L.A. et al. Novel coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 in elderly and senile patients: prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Expert position paper of the Russian Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika. 2020; 3: 127–150 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2601.

  93. Wen X., Chen X., Zhou X. Rebamipide inhibited expression of TLR4 and TNF-alpha release in pulmonary epithelial cell line A549 induced by lipopolysaccharide. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2009; 34(5): 457–60.

  94. Yasuda T., Chiba H., Satomi T. et al. Preventive effect of rebamipide gargle on chemoradiotherpy-induced oral mucositis in patients with oral cancer: a pilot study. J Oral Maxillofac Res. 2012; 2(4): e3. doi:10.5037/jomr.2011.2403.

  95. Akagi S., Fujiwara T., Nishida M. et al. The effectiveness of rebamipide mouthwash therapy for radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pharm Health Care Sci. 2019; 5: 16. doi:10.1186/s40780-019-0146-2.

  96. Urita Y., Watanabe T., Maeda T. et al. Rebamipide and mosapride enhance pilocarpine-induced salivation. N Am J Med Sci. 2009; 1(3): 121–24.

  97. Коробейникова Е.Р., Шкатова Е.Ю. Применение ребамипида в комплексной терапии эрозивных поражений гастродуоденальной зоны лиц молодого возраста. Медицинский альманах. 2018; 1: 26–30. [Korobeinikova E.R., Shkatova E.Yu. Application of rebamipide in the complex therapy of erosive lesions of the gastroduodenal zone in young patients. Medicinskiy al’manakh. 2018; 1: 26–30 (In Russ.)].

  98. Дичева Д.Т., Андреев Д.Н., Парцваниа-Виноградова Е.В., Маев И.В. Оценка эффективности и безопасности применения ребамипида в схеме тройной эрадикационной терапии инфекции Helicobacter pylori. Медицинский совет. 2018; 3: 86–89. [Dicheva D.T., Andreev D.N., Partsvania-Vinogradova I.V., Maev I.V. Evaluation of efficacy and safety of rebamipide use in the triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: a pilot study. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2018; 3: 86–89 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2018-3-86-89.

  99. Андреев Д.Н., Маев И.В., Дичева Д.Т. с соавт. Эффективность и безопасность применения ребамипида в схеме тройной эрадикационной терапии инфекции Helicobacter pylori: проспективное рандомизированное сравнительное исследование. Терапевтический архив. 2018; 8: 27–32. [Andreev D.N., Maev I.V., Dicheva D.T. et al. Efficacy and safety of the use of rebamipide in the scheme of triple eradication therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection: a prospective randomized comparative study. Therapevtichesky arkhiv. 2018; 8: 27–32 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.26442/terarkh201890827-32.

  100. Парфенов А.И., Белостоцкий Н.И., Дбар С.Р. соавт. Энтеропатия с нарушением мембранного пищеварения. Эффективная фармакотерапия. 2018; 16; 20–27. [Parfyonov A.I., Belostotsky N.I., Dbar S.R. et al. Enteropathy with disorder of membrane digestion. Effektivnaya farmakoterapiya. 2018; 16; 20–27 (In Russ.)].

  101. Сагынбаева В.Э., Лазебник Л.Б. Ребамипид – современный гастроцитопротектор при эрозивно-язвенных поражениях верхних отделов желудочно-кишечного тракта: результаты исследования. Терапия. 2019; 8: 173–183. [Sagynbaeva V.E., Lazebnik L.B. Rebamipide is a modern gastrocytoprotector under erosive and ulcerative injuries of upper gastrointestinal tract: results of the research. Therapy. 2019; 8: 173–183 (In Russ.)]. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2019.8.173-183.

  102. Мещерякова Г.М., Копылова Д.В., Ватутина В.С. Опыт применения ребамипида в лечении постлучевого колита. Колопроктология. 2019; S3: 87. [Meshcheryakova G.M., Kopylova D.V., Vatutina V.S. Experience of using rebamipide in the treatment of post-radiation colitis. 2019; S3: 87 (In Russ.)].

  103. Викторова И.А., Трухан Д.И., Иванова Д.С. Современные возможности лечения и профилактики НПВП индуцированных энтеропатий. Медицинский совет. 2020; 5: 30–40. [Viktorova I.A., Trukhan D.I., Ivanova D.S. Modern opportunities for treatment and prevention of NSAID–induced enteropathies. Meditsinskiy sovet. 2020; 5: 30–40 (In Russ.)]. doi: 10.21518/2079-701X-2020-5-30-40.


About the Autors


Dmitry I. Trukhan, MD, associate professor of the Department of polyclinic therapy and internal diseases of Omsk state medical university of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 644043, Omsk, 12 Lenin Str. Теl.: +7 (381) 295-72-77. E-mail: dmitry_trukhan@mail.ru. ORCID: 0000-0002-1597-1876
Natalia A. Chusova, clinical resident of the Department of clinical functional diagnostics of A.I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 107014, Moscow, 7/11 Stromynka Str. E-mail: natchusova2@list.ru. ORCID: 0000-0003-3401-3267


Similar Articles


Бионика Медиа