DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2022.3.72-80
Stepanova E.V., Loranskaya I.D., Osadchuk A.M.
Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Moscow
1. Lewinsohn P.M., Hops H., Roberts R.E. et al. Adolescent psychopathology: I. Prevalence and incidence of depression and other DSM-III-R disorders in high school students. J Abnorm Psychol. 1993; 102(1): 133–44. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.102.1.133. 2. Santonicola A., Gagliardi M., Guarino M.P.L. et al. Eating disorders and gastrointestinal diseases. Nutrients. 2019; 11(12): 3038. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123038. 3. O’Brien K.M., Vincent N.K. Psychiatric comorbidity in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: nature, prevalence, and causal relationships. Clin Psychol Rev. 2003; 23(1): 57–74. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0272-7358(02)00201-5. 4. Fassino S., Piero A., Daga G.A. et al. Attentional biases and frontal functioning in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2002; 31(3): 274–83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.10028. 5. Tchanturia K., Davies H., Roberts M. et al. Poor cognitive flexibility in eating disorders: examining the evidence using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task. PLoS One. 2012; 7(1): e28331. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0028331. 6. Cavedini P., Bassi T., Ubbiali A. et al. Neuropsychological investigation of decision-making in anorexia nervosa. Psychiatry Res. 2004; 127(3): 259–66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.03.012. 7. Tchanturia K., Liao P.C., Uher R. et al. An investigation of decision making in anorexia nervosa using the Iowa Gambling Task and skin conductance measurements. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2007; 13(4): 635–41. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070798. 8. Kaye W.H., Wierenga C.E., Knatz S. et al. Temperament-based treatment for anorexia nervosa. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2015; 23(1): 12–18. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/erv.2330. 9. Sato Y., Fukudo S. Gastrointestinal symptoms and disorders in patients with eating disorders. Clin J Gastroenterol. 2015; 8(5): 255–63. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12328-015-0611-x. 10. Keski-Rahkonen A., Hoek H.W., Linna M.S. et al. Incidence and outcomes of bulimia nervosa: A nationwide population-based study. Psychol Med. 2009; 39(5): 823–31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708003942. 11. Smink F.R., van Hoeken D., Hoek H.W. Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2012; 14(4): 406–14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y. 12. Olguin P., Fuentes M., Gabler G. et al. Medical comorbidity of binge eating disorder. Eat Weight Disord. 2017; 22(1): 13–26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40519-016-0313-5. 13. Stunkard A.J. Eating disorders and obesity. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2011; 34(4): 765–71. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2011.08.010. 14. Guerdjikova A.I., Mori N., Casuto L.S., McElroy S.L. Binge eating disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2017; 40(2): 255–66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2017.01.003. 15. Ulfvebrand S., Birgegard A., Norring C. et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in women and men with eating disorders results from a large clinical database. Psychiatry Res. 2015; 230(2): 294–99. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.09.008. 16. McCallum R.W., Grill B.B., Lange R. et al. Definition of a gastric emptying abnormality in patients with anorexia nervosa. Dig Dis Sci. 1985; 30(8): 713–22. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01320484. 17. Kamal N., Chami T., Andersen A. et al. Delayed gastrointestinal transit times in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Gastroenterology. 1991; 101(5): 1320–24. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(91)90083-W. 18. Hutson W.R., Wald A. Gastric emptying in patients with bulimia nervosa and anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 1990; 85(1): 41–46. 19. Rigaud D., Bedig G., Merrouche M. et al. Delayed gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa is improved by completion of a renutrition program. Dig Dis Sci. 1988; 33(8): 919–25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01535985. 20. Abell T.L., Malagelada J.R., Lucas A.R. et al. Gastric electromechanical and neurohormonal function in anorexia nervosa. Gastroenterology. 1987; 93(5): 958–65. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-5085(87)90557-9. 21. Boyd C., Abraham S., Kellow J. Psychological features are important predictors of functional gastrointestinal disorders in patients with eating disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005; 40(8): 929–35. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365520510015836. 22. Passananti V., Siniscalchi M., Zingone F. et al. Prevalence of eating disorders in adults with celiac disease. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2013; 2013: 491657. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/491657. 23. Wang X., Luscombe G.M., Boyd C. et al. Functional gastrointestinal disorders in eating disorder patients: Altered distribution and predictors using ROME III compared to ROME II criteria. World J Gastroenterol. 2014; 20(43): 16293–99. https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.16293. 24. Stacher G., Kiss A., Wiesnagrotzki S. et al. Oesophageal and gastric motility disorders in patients categorised as having primary anorexia nervosa. Gut. 1986; 27(10): 1120–26. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.27.10.1120. 25. Benini L., Todesco T., Frulloni L. et al. Esophageal motility and symptoms in restricting and binge-eating/purging anorexia. Dig Liver Dis. 2010; 42(11): 767–72. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2010.03.018. 26. Castell D.O., Richter J.E. Esophageal motility testing. Ed.by Dalton C.B. NY: Elsevier. 1987; 212 pp. ISBN: 978-0838522325. 27. Conklin J.L. Evaluation of esophageal motor function with high-resolution manometry. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013; 19(3): 281–94. https://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm.2013.19.3.281. 28. Santonicola A., Siniscalchi M., Capone P. et al. Prevalence of functional dyspepsia and its subgroups in patients with eating disorders. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(32): 4379–85. https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v18.i32.4379. 29. Lee S., Lee A.M., Ngai E. et al. Rationales for Food Refusal in Chinese Patients with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2001; 29(2): 224–29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-108X(200103)29:2<224::AID-EAT1012>3.0.CO;2-R. 30. Bluemel S., Menne D., Milos G. et al. Relationship of body weight with gastrointestinal motor and sensory function: Studies in anorexia nervosa and obesity. BMC Gastroenterol. 2017; 17(1): 4. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12876-016-0560-y. 31. Stacher G. Gut function in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2003; 38(6): 573–87. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00365520310002120. 32. Benini L., Todesco T., Dalle Grave R. et al. Gastric emptying in patients with restricting and binge/purging subtypes of anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004; 99(8): 1448–54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30246.x. 33. Robinson P.H. Perceptivity and paraceptivity during measurement of gastric emptying in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry. 1989; 154: 400–5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.3.400. 34. Szmukler G.I., Young G.P., Lichtenstein M., Andrews J.T. A serial study of gastric emptying in anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Aust N Z J Med. 1990; 20(3): 220–25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1990.tb01023.x. 35. Carpinelli L., Bucci C., Santonicola A. et al. Anhedonia in irritable bowel syndrome and in inflammatory bowel diseases and its relationship with abdominal pain. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2019; 31(3): e13531. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13531. 36. Sileri P., Franceschilli L., De Lorenzo A. et al. Defecatory disorders in anorexia nervosa: A clinical study. Tech Coloproctology. 2014; 18(5): 439–44. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10151-013-1068-x. 37. Zipfel S., Sammet I., Rapps N. et al. Gastrointestinal disturbances in eating disorders: Clinical and neurobiological aspects. Auton Neurosci Basic Clin. 2006; 129(1–2): 99–106. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2006.07.023. 38. Chun A.B., Sokol M.S., Kaye W.H. et al. Colonic and anorectal function in constipated patients with anorexia nervosa. Am J Gastroenterol. 1997; 92(10): 1879–83. 39. Chiarioni G., Bassotti G., Monsignori A. et al. Anorectal dysfunction in constipated women with anorexia nervosa. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2000; 75(10): 1015–19. https://dx.doi.org/10.4065/75.10.1015. 40. Cuellar R.E., Van Thiel D.H. Gastrointestinal consequences of the eating disorders: Anorexia nervosa and bulimia. Am J Gastroenterol. 1986; 81(12): 1113–24. 41. Oster J.R., Materson B.J., Rogers A.I. Laxative abuse syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol. 1980; 74(5): 451–58. 42. Mathenge N., Osiro S., Rodriguez II. Superior mesenteric artery syndrome and its associated gastrointestinal implications. Clin Anat. 2014; 27(8): 1244–52. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ca.22249. 43. Adson D.E, Mitchell J.E., Trenkner S.W. The superior mesenteric artery syndrome and acute gastric dilatation in eating disorders: A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Int J Eat Disord. 1997; 21(2): 103–14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-108x(199703)21:2<103::aid-eat1>3.0.co;2-p. 44. Mansberger A.R. Jr, Hearn J.B., Byers R.M. et al. Vascular compression of the duodenum. Emphasis on accurate diagnosis. Am J Surg. 1968; 115(1): 89–96. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0002-9610(68)90134-7. 45. Verhoef P.A., Rampal A. Unique challenges for appropriate management of a 16-year-old girl with superior mesenteric artery syndrome as a result of anorexia nervosa: a case report. J Med Case Rep. 2009; 3: 127. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1752-1947-3-127. 46. Elbadaway M.H. Chronic superior mesenteric artery syndrome in anorexia nervosa. Br J Psychiatry. 1992; 160: 552–54. https://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.160.4.552. 47. Denholm M., Jankowski J. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and bulimia nervosa – A review of the literature. Dis Esophagus. 2011; 24(2): 79–85. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2050.2010.01096.x. 48. Forney K.J., Buchman-Schmitt J.M., Keel P.K., Frank G.K. The medical complications associated with purging. Int J Eat Disord. 2016; 49(3): 249–59. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22504. 49. Resano C.H., Cabrera N., Gonzalez Cueto D. et al. Double early epidermoid carcinoma of the esophagus in columnar epithelium. Endoscopy. 1985; 17(2): 73–75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-1018461. 50. Dessureault S., Coppola D., Weitzner M. et al. Barrett’s esophagus and squamous cell carcinoma in a patient with psychogenic vomiting. Int J Gastrointest. Cancer. 2002; 32(1): 57–61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1385/IJGC:32:1:57. 51. Brewster D.H., Nowell S.L., Clark D.N. Risk of oesophageal cancer among patients previously hospitalised with eating disorder. Cancer Epidemiol. 2015; 39(3): 313–20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2015.02.009. 52. Geracioti T.D. Jr., Liddle R.A. Impaired cholecystokinin secretion in bulimia nervosa. New Engl J Med. 1988; 319(11): 683–88. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198809153191105. 53. Zimmerli E.J., Walsh B.T., Guss J.L. et al. Gastric compliance in bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav. 2006; 87(2): 441–46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.11.010. 54. Geliebter A., Hashim S.A. Gastric capacity in normal, obese, and bulimic women. Physiol Behav. 2001; 74(4–5): 743–46. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00619-9. 55. Devlin M.J., Walsh B.T., Guss J.L. et al. Postprandial cholecystokinin release and gastric emptying in patients with bulimia nervosa. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 65(1): 114–20. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/65.1.114. 56. Tong J., D’Alessio D. Eating disorders and gastrointestinal peptides. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2011; 18(1): 42–49. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e328341e12b. 57. Chami T.N., Andersen A.E., Crowell M.D. et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms in bulimia nervosa: effects of treatment. Am J Gastroenterol. 1995; 90(1): 88–92. 58. Sun C., Hull T., Ozuner G. Risk factors and clinical characteristics of rectal prolapse in young patients. J Visc Surg. 2014; 151(6): 425–29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2014.07.013. 59. Guyton A.C., Hall J.E. Textbook of Medical Physiology. 13th edition. 2016; 1096 pp. ISBN: 978-1-4557-7005-2. 60. Mitchell N., Norris M.L. Rectal prolapse associated with anorexia nervosa: A case report and review of the literature. J Eat Disord. 2013; 1: 39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2050-2974-1-39. 61. Winstead N.S., Willard S.G. Gastrointestinal complaints in patients with eating disorders. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006; 40(8): 678–82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-200609000-00003. 62. Lasater L.M., Mehler P.S. Medical complications of bulimia nervosa. Eat Behav. 2001; 2(3): 279–92. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1471-0153(01)00036-8. 63. Roerig J.L., Steffen K.J., Mitchell J.E., Zunker C. Laxative abuse: Epidemiology, diagnosis and management. Drugs. 2010; 70(12): 1487–503. https://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11898640-000000000-00000. 64. Cremonini F., Camilleri M., Clark M.M. et al. Associations among binge eating behavior patterns and gastrointestinal symptoms: A population-based study. Int J Obes. 2009; 33(3): 342–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2008.272. 65. Chang P., Friedenberg F. Obesity and GERD. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014; 43(1): 161–73. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gtc.2013.11.009. 66. Crowell M.D., Cheskin L.J., Musial F. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in obese and normal weight binge eaters. Am J Gastroenterol. 1994; 89(3): 387–91. 67. Geliebter A., Yahav E.K., Gluck M.E., Hashim S.A. Gastric capacity, test meal intake, and appetitive hormones in binge eating disorder. Physiol Behav. 2004; 81(5): 735–70. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.014. 68. Sysko R., Devlin M.J., Walsh B.T. et al. Satiety and test meal intake among women with binge eating disorder. Int J. Eat Disord. 2007; 40(6): 554–61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.20384. 69. Iovino P., Angrisani L., Galloro G. et al. Proximal stomach function in obesity with normal or abnormal oesophageal acid exposure. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2006; 18(6): 425–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2006.00768.x. 70. Santonicola A., Angrisani L., Ciacci C., Iovino P. Prevalence of functional gastrointestinal disorders according to Rome III criteria in Italian morbidly obese patients. Sci World J. 2013; 2013: 532503. https://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/532503. 71. Delgado-Aros S., Camilleri M., Castillo E.J. et al. Effect of gastric volume or emptying on meal-related symptoms after liquid nutrients in obesity: A pharmacologic study. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2005; 3(10): 997–1006. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1542-3565(05)00285-5. 72. Dincel O., Goksu M. Acute gastric dilatation due to binge eating may be fatal. North Clin Istanb. 2017; 4(2): 199–202. https://dx.doi.org/10.14744/nci.2016.72677. 73. Kim B.S., Kwon J.W., Kim M.J. et al. Abdominal compartment syndrome caused by a bulimic attack in a bulimia nervosa patient. J Korean Surg Soc. 2011; 81(Suppl. S1): S1–S5. https://dx.doi.org/10.4174/jkss.2011.81.Suppl1.S1. 74. Kim H.H., Park S.J., Park M.I., Moon W. Acute gastric dilatation and acute pancreatitis in a patient with an eating disorder: Solving a chicken and egg situation. Intern Med. 2011; 50(6): 571–75. https://dx.doi.org/10.2169/internalmedicine.50.4595. 75. Neufeld K.A., Kang N., Bienenstock J., Foster J.A. Effects of intestinal microbiota on anxiety-like behavior. Commun Integr Biol. 2011; 4(4): 492–94. https://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cib.15702. 76. Mendez-Figueroa V., Biscaia J.M. et al. Can gut microbiota and lifestyle help us in the handling of anorexia nervosa patients? Microorganisms. 2019; 7(2): 58. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7020058. 77. Sudo N., Chida Y., Aiba Y. et al. Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol. 2004; 558(Pt 1): 263–75. https://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388. 78. Grenham S., Clarke G., Cryan J.F., Dinan T.G. Brain-gut-microbe communication in health and disease. Front Physiol. 2011; 2: 94. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2011.00094. 79. De Palma G., Collins S.M., Bercik P., Verdu E.F. The microbiota-gut-brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: Stressed bugs, stressed brain or both? J Physiol. 2014; 592(14): 2989–97. https://dx.doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273995. 80. Gareau M.G., Wine E., Rodrigues D.M. et al. Bacterial infection causes stress-induced memory dysfunction in mice. Gut. 2011; 60(3): 307–17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.202515. 81. Borgo F., Riva A., Benetti A. et al. Microbiota in anorexia nervosa: The triangle between bacterial species, metabolites and psychological tests. PLoS One. 2017; 12(6): e0179739. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179739. 82. Mack I., Cuntz U., Gramer C. et al. Weight gain in anorexia nervosa does not ameliorate the faecal microbiota, branched chain fatty acid profiles, and gastrointestinal complaints. Sci Rep. 2016; 6: 26752. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep26752. 83. Schwensen H.F., Kan C., Treasure J. et al. A systematic review of studies on the fecal microbiota in anorexia nervosa: Future research may need to include microbiota from the small intestine. Eat Weight Disord. 2018; 23(4): 399–418. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0499-9. 84. Ghenciulescu A., Park R.J. and Burnet P.W.J. The gut microbiome in anorexia nervosa: Friend or foe? Front Psychiatry. 2021; 11: 611677. https://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.611677. 85. Morita C., Tsuji H., Hata T. et al. Gut dysbiosis in patients with anorexia nervosa. PLoS One. 2015; 10(12): e0145274. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0145274. 86. Cryan J.F., O’Mahony S.M. The microbiome-gut-brain axis: From bowel to behavior. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011; 23(3): 187–92. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x. 87. Seitz J., Trinh S., Herpertz-Dahlmann B. The microbiome and eating disorders. Psychiatr Clin N Am. 2019; 42(1): 93–103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2018.10.004. 88. Armougom F., Henry M., Vialettes B. et al. Monitoring bacterial community of human gut microbiota reveals an increase in Lactobacillus in obese patients and Methanogens in anorexic patients. PLoS One. 2009; 4(9): e7125. https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007125. 89. Million M., Angelakis E., Maraninchi M. et al. Correlation between body mass index and gut concentrations of Lactobacillus reuteri, Bifidobacterium animalis, Methanobrevibacter smithii and Escherichia coli. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013; 37(11): 1460–66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.20. 90. Gottlieb K., Wacher V., Sliman J., Pimentel M. Review article: Inhibition of methanogenic archaea by statins as a targeted management strategy for constipation and related disorders. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016; 43(2): 197–212. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.13469. 91. Alcock J., Maley C.C., Aktipis C.A. Is eating behavior manipulated by the gastrointestinal microbiota? Evolutionary pressures and potential mechanisms. Bioessays. 2014; 36: 940–49. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bies.201400071. 92. Fetissov S.O., Hokfelt T. On the origin of eating disorders: Altered signaling between gut microbiota, adaptive immunity and the brain melanocortin system regulating feeding behavior. Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2019; 48: 82–91. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coph.2019.07.004. 93. Breton J., Legrand R., Akkermann K. et al. Elevated plasma concentrations of bacterial ClpB protein in patients with eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord. 2016; 49(8): 805–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eat.22531. 94. Breton J., Tennoune N., Lucas N. et al. Gut commensal E. coli proteins activate host satiety pathways following nutrient-induced bacterial growth. Cell Metab. 2016; 23(2): 324–34. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cmet.2015.10.017. 95. Quigley E., Murray J., Pimentel M. AGA clinical practice update on small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: expert review. Gastroenterology. 2020; 159(4): 1526–32. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/J.GASTRO.2020.06.090. 96. Singer D., Camargo S.M.R., Ramadan T. et al. Defective intestinal amino acid absorption in Ace2 null mice. Am J Physiol - Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2012; 303(6): G686–95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1152/AJPGI.00140.2012. 97. Hashimoto T., Perlot T., Rehman A. et al. ACE2 links amino acid malnutrition to microbial ecology and intestinal inflammation. Nature. 2012; 487(7408): 477–81. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/NATURE11228. 98. Matsumoto M., Kunisawa A., Hattori T. et al. Free D-amino acids produced by commensal bacteria in the colonic lumen. Sci Rep. 2018; 8(1): 17915. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36244-z. 99. Kawase T., Nagasawa M., Ikeda H. et al. Gut microbiota of mice putatively modifies amino acid metabolism in the host brain. Br J Nutr. 2017; 117(6): 775–83. https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517000678. 100. Liu X., Cao S., Zhang X. Modulation of gut microbiota-brain axis by probiotics, prebiotics, and diet. J Agric Food Chem. 2015; 63(36): 7885–95. https://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02404. 101. Wan M.L.Y., Ling K.H., El-Nezami H., Wang M.F. Influence of functional food components on gut health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019; 59(12): 1927–36. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1433629. 102. Wang H., Lee I.S., Braun C., Enck P. Effect of probiotics on central nervous system functions in animals and humans: A systematic review. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2016; 22(4): 589–605. https://dx.doi.org/10.5056/jnm16018. 103. Marchesi J.R., Adams D.H., Fava F. et al. The gut microbiota and host health: A new clinical frontier. Gut. 2016; 65(2): 330–39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990. 104. Saulnier D.M., Ringel Y., Heyman M.B. et al. The intestinal microbiome, probiotics and prebiotics in neurogastroenterology. Gut Microbes. 2013; 4(1): 17–27. https://dx.doi.org/10.4161/gmic.22973. 105. Sampson T.R., Debelius J.W., Thron T. et al. Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson’s disease. Cell. 2016; 167(6): 1469–80.e12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.018. 106. Kimura-Todani T., Hata T., Miyata N. et al. Dietary delivery of acetate to the colon using acylated starches as a carrier exerts anxiolytic effects in mice. Physiol Behav. 2020; 223: 113004. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113004. 107. Sudo N. Possible role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa. Biopsychosoc Med. 2021; 15(1): 25. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13030-021-00228-9. 108. Glenny E.M., Bulik-Sullivan E.C., Tang Q. et al. Eating disorders and the intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms of energy homeostasis and behavioral influence. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2017; 19(8): 51. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11920-017-0797-3. 109. Huang R., Wang K., Hu J. Effect of probiotics on depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8): 483. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8080483. 110. Ng Q.X., Peters C., Ho C.Y.X., Lim D.Y., Yeo W.S. A meta-analysis of the use of probiotics to alleviate depressive symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2018; 228: 13–19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.11.063. 111. Kleiman S.C., Watson H.J., Bulik-Sullivan E.C. et al. The intestinal microbiota in acute anorexia nervosa and during renourishment: Relationship to depression, anxiety, and eating disorder psychopathology. Psychosom Med. 2015; 77(9): 969–81. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000247.
Elena V. Stepanova, PhD in Medicine, associate professor of the Department of gastroenterology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 121552, Moscow,
22 Akademika Pavlova Str. E-mail: gmunden2011@yandex.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0657-1280
Irina D. Loranskaya, Dr. med. habil., professor, head of the Department of gastroenterology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 121552, Moscow, 22 Akademika Pavlova Str. E-mail: gastrormapo@yandex.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3681-4132
Alexey M. Osadchuk, Dr. med. habil., professor, professor of the Department of gastroenterology, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 121552, Moscow,
22 Akademika Pavlova Str. E-mail: a.m.osadchuk2020@mail.ru. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8488-9235