2. Ткачева О.Н., Воробьева Н.М., Котовская Ю.В. с соавт. Антитромботическая терапия в пожилом и старческом возрасте: согласованное мнение экспертов Российской ассоциации геронтологов и гериатров и Национального общества профилактической кардиологии. Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2021; 20(3): 135–184. [Tkacheva O.N., Vorobyeva N.M., Kotovskaya Yu.V. et al. Antithrombotic therapy in the elderly and senile age: the consensus opinion of experts of the Russian Association of Gerontologists and Geriatricians and the National Society of Preventive Cardiology. Kardiovaskulyarnaya terapiya i profilaktika = Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2021; 20(3): 135–184 (In Russ.)] https://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1728-8800-2021-2847. EDN: ANNHPM.

3. Бойцов С.А., Демкина А.Е., Ощепкова Е.В. с соавт. Достижения и проблемы практической кардиологии в России на современном этапе. Кардиология. 2019; 59(3): 53–59. [Boytsov S.A., Demkina A.E., Oshchepkova E.V., Dolgusheva Yu.A. Progress and problems of practical cardiology in Russia at the present stage. Kardiologiya = Cardiology. 2019; 59(3): 53–59 (In Russ.)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2019.3.10242. EDN: CJGCQF.

4. Постановление Правительства РФ от 26 декабря 2017 г. № 1640 «Об утверждении государственной программы Российской Федерации «Развитие здравоохранения»» (с изменениями и дополнениями). Доступ: https://base.garant.ru/71848440/ (дата обращения – 04.09.2023). [Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 26, 2017 No. 1640 «On approval of the state program of the Russian Federation “Health development”» (with amendments and additions). URL: https://base.garant.ru/71848440/ (date of access – 04.09.2023) (In Russ.)].

5. Погосова Н.В., Бойцов С.А., Аушева А.К. с соавт. Медикаментозная терапия и приверженность к ней пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца: результаты российской части международного многоцентрового исследования EUROASPIRE V. Кардиология. 2021; 61(8): 4–13. [Pogosova N.V., Boytsov S.A., Ausheva A.K. et al. Drug therapy and adherence in patients with coronary heart disease: Results of the Russian part of the EUROASPIRE V international multicenter study. Kardiologiya = Cardiology. 2021; 61(8): 4–13 (In Russ.)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2021.8.n1650. EDN: BMKKSC.

6. Orlowski A., Gale C. P., Ashton R. et al. Clinical and budget impacts of changes in oral anticoagulation prescribing for atrial fibrillation. Heart. 2021; 107(1): 47–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317006.

7. Sugano K., Tack J., Kuipers E.J. et al. Kyoto global consensus report on Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Gut. 2015; 64(9): 1353–67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309252.

8. Bordin D.S., Livzan M.A., Gaus O.V. et al. Drug-associated gastropathy: Diagnostic criteria. Diagnostics (Basel). 2023; 13(13): 2220. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics13132220.

9. Roth S.H. Coming to terms with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug gastropathy. Drugs. 2012; 72(7): 873–79. https://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11633740-000000000-00000.

10. Кононов А.В., Мозговой С.И., Шиманская А.Г. Прижизненная патологоанатомическая диагностика болезней органов пищеварительной системы (класс XI МКБ-10). Клинические рекомендации RPS3.11(2018). М.: Практическая медицина. 2019; 192 с. [Kononov A.V., Mozgovoy S.I., Shimanskaya A.G. Intravital pathological diagnosis of diseases of the digestive system (class XI ICD-10). Clinical guidelines RPS3.11(2018). Moscow: Prakticheskaya meditsina. 2019; 192 pp. (In Russ.)]. ISBN: 978-5-98811-507-6.

11. Каратеев А.Е., Насонов Е.Л., Ивашкин В.Т., Мартынов А.И. Рациональное использование нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов. Клинические рекомендации. Научно-практическая ревматология. 2018; 56(S1): 1–29. [Karateev A.E., Nasonov E.L., Ivashkin V.T. Rational use of nonsteroidal anti–inflammatory drugs. Clinical guidelines. Nauchno-prakticheskaya revmatologiya = Rheumatology Science and Practice. 2018; 56(S1): 1–29 (In Russ.)]. https://dx.doi.org/ 10.14412/rjtao20180. EDN: PCPKRP.

12. Ливзан М.А., Ширинская Н.В. Гастроинтестинальные осложнения у пациентов, получающих антитромботическую и антикоагулянтную терапию. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 21(8): 71–73. [Livzan M.A., Shirinskaya N.V. Gastrointestinal complications in patients receiving antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Consilium Medicum. 2019; 21(8): 71–73 (In Russ.)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2019.8.190531. EDN: XLAFRC.

13. Douthwaite A.H, Lintott G.A.M. Gastroscopic observation of the effect of aspirin and certain other substances on the stomach. Lancet. 1938; 232(6013): 1222–25.

14. Patrono C., Ciabattoni G., Patrignani P. et al. Clinical pharmacology of platelet cyclooxygenase inhibition. Circulation. 1985; 72(6): 1177–84. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.72.6.1177.

15. CURRENT-OASIS 7 Investigators; Mehta S.R., Bassand J.P., Chrolavicius S. et al. Dose comparisons of clopidogrel and aspirin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2010; 363(10): 930–42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909475.

16. Jones W.S., Mulder H., Wruck L.M. et al. Comparative effectiveness of aspirin dosing in cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2021; 384(21): 1981–90. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102137.

17. Knuuti J., Wijns W., Saraste A. et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(3): 407–77. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425.

18. CAPRIE Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee. Lancet. 1996; 348(9038): 1329–39. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09457-3.

19. Mehta S.R., Yusuf S.; Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) Study Investigators. The Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial programme; rationale, design and baseline characteristics including a meta-analysis of the effects of thienopyridines in vascular disease. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21(24): 2033–41. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/euhj.2000.2474.

20. Chen Z.M., Jiang L.X., Chen Y.P. et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin in 45,852 patients with acute myocardial infarction: Randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2005; 366(9497): 1607–21. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67660-X.

21. Sabatine M.S., Cannon C.P., Gibson C.M. et al. Addition of clopidogrel to aspirin and fibrinolytic therapy for myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(12): 1179–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa050522.

22. Fox K.A., Mehta S.R., Peters R. et al. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) trial. Circulation. 2004; 110(10): 1202–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000140675.85342.1B.

23. Peters R.J., Mehta S.R., Fox K.A. et al. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation. 2003; 108(14): 1682–87. https://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000091201.39590.CB.

24. Yeomans N.D., Lanas A.I., Talley N.J. et al. Prevalence and incidence of gastroduodenal ulcers during treatment with vascular protective doses of aspirin. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005; 22(9): 795–801. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02649.x.

25. Sostres C., Gargallo C.J., Lanas A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and upper and lower gastrointestinal mucosal damage. Arthritis Res Ther. 2013; 15 Suppl 3(Suppl 3): S3. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/ar4175.

26. Antithrombotic Trialists’ (ATT) Collaboration; Baigent C., Blackwell L., Collins R. et al. Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2009; 373(9678): 1849–60. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60503-1.

27. de Abajo F.J., Garcia Rodríguez L.A. Risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation associated with low-dose aspirin as plain and enteric-coated formulations. BMC Clin Pharmacol. 2001; 1: 1. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6904-1-1.

28. Kelly J.P., Kaufman D.W., Jurgelon J.M. et al. Risk of aspirin-associated major upper-gastrointestinal bleeding with enteric-coated or buffered product. Lancet. 1996; 348(9039): 1413–16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)01254-8.

29. Serebruany V.L., Dinicolantonio J.J., Can M.M. et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events after dual antiplatelet therapy: Clopidogrel is safer than ticagrelor, but prasugrel data are lacking or inconclusive. Cardiology. 2013; 126(1): 35–40. https://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000350961.

30. Wiviott S.D., Braunwald E., McCabe C.H. et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007; 357(20): 2001–15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0706482.

31. Cheng H., Huang H., Guo Z. et al. Role of prostaglandin E2 in tissue repair and regeneration. Theranostics. 2021; 11(18): 8836–54. https://dx.doi.org/10.7150/thno.63396.

32. Laporte J.R., Ibanez L., Vidal X. et al. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding associated with the use of NSAIDs: Newer versus older agents. Drug Saf. 2004; 27(6): 411–20. https://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200427060-00005.

33. Garcia Rodríguez L.A., Hernandez-Diaz S. Risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer among users of aspirin and nonaspirin nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Am J Epidemiol. 2004; 159(1): 23–31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh005.

34. Fiorucci S., Antonelli E., Morelli A. Mechanism of non-steroidal anti–inflammatory drug-gastropathy. Dig Liver Dis. 2001; 33 Suppl 2: S35–S43. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1590-8658(01)80157-2.

35. Fork F.T., Lafolie P., Toth E., Lindgarde F. Gastroduodenal tolerance of 75 mg clopidogrel versus 325 mg aspirin in healthy volunteers. A gastroscopic study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000; 35(5): 464–69. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/003655200750023705.

36. Chan F.K., Ching J.Y., Hung L.C. et al. Clopidogrel versus aspirin and esomeprazole to prevent recurrent ulcer bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(3): 238–44. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa042087.

37. Luo J.C., Huo T.I., Hou M.C. et al. Clopidogrel delays gastric ulcer healing in rats. Eur J Pharmacol. 2012; 695(1–3): 112–19. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.07.054.

38. Wu H., Ming W., Tan J. et al. Role of MKP-5-p38/MAPK pathway in Clopidogrel-induced gastric mucosal epithelial cells apoptosis and tight junction dysfunction. Am J Transl Res. 2020; 12(5): 1741–53.

39. Roffi M., Patrono C. CardioPulse: «Ten Commandments» of 2015 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation (NSTE–ACS). Eur Heart J. 2016; 37(3): 208.

40. Sehested T.S.G., Carlson N., Hansen P.W. et al. Reduced risk of gastrointestinal bleeding associated with proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients treated with dual antiplatelet therapy after myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2019; 40(24): 1963–70. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz104.

41. Malfertheiner P., Megraud F., Rokkas T. et al. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. 2022; gutjnl-2022-327745. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745. Online ahead of print.

42. Venerito M., Schneider C., Costanzo R. et al. Contribution of Helicobacter pylori infection to the risk of peptic ulcer bleeding in patients on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, corticosteroids and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018; 47(11): 1464–71. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apt.14652.

43. Маев И.В., Андреев Д.Н., Дичева Д.Т. Гастропатии, индуцированные нестероидными противовоспалительными средствами: патогенетически обоснованные подходы к профилактике и терапии. Фарматека. 2016; (2): 49–54. [Maev I.V., Andreev D.N., Dicheva D.T. NSAID-induced gastropathies: Pathogenetically substantiated approaches to prevention and therapy. Farmateka. 2016; (2): 49–54 (In Russ.)]. EDN: VMICOR.

44. Laine L. Proton pump inhibitor co-therapy with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs – nice or necessary? Rev Gastroenterol Disord. 2004; 4 Suppl 4: S33–S41.

45. Fries J.F., Murtagh K.N., Bennett M. et al. The rise and decline of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-associated gastropathy in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(8): 2433–40. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.20440.

46. Lanas A., Carrera-Lasfuentes P., Arguedas Y. et al. Risk of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients taking nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antiplatelet agents, or anticoagulants. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015; 13(5): 906–12.e2. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2014.11.007.

47. De Petris G., Caldero S. G., Chen L. et al. Histopathological changes in the gastrointestinal tract due to medications: An update for the surgical pathologist (part II of II). Int J Surg Pathol. 2014; 22(3): 202–11. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896913502230.

48. Stolte M., Panayiotou S., Schmitz J. Can NSAID/ASA-induced erosions of the gastric mucosa be identified at histology? Pathol Res Pract. 1999; 195(3): 137–42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0344-0338(99)80025-9.

49. Sobieraj D.M., White C.M., Alikhanov S. et al. The impact of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapies on gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Ann Pharmacother. 2012; 46(9): 1220–31. https://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1R064.

50. Gu Z. C., Wei A. H., Zhang C. et al. Risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding with new vs conventional oral anticoagulants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18(4): 792–99.e61. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2019.05.056.

51. Moudallel S., van den Eynde C., Maly J. et al. Retrospective analysis of gastrointestinal bleedings with direct oral anticoagulants reported to EudraVigilance. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023; 396(6): 1143–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-023-02388-7.

52. Лапина Н.С., Алексеева А.А., Вершинина А.Д. с соавт. Желудочно-кишечные кровотечения на фоне антитромботической терапии у пациентов с ишемической болезнью сердца: факторы риска, патогенетические аспекты, лечение. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2020; 30(3): 14–23. [Lapina N.S., Alekseeva A.A., Vershinina A.D. et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding in antithrombotic therapy in patients with coronary heart disease: risk factors, pathogenesis and treatment. Rossiyskiy zhurnal gastroenterologii, gepatologii, koloproktologii = Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2020; 30(3): 14–23 (In Russ.)]. https://dx.doi.org/10.22416/1382-4376-2020-30-3-14-23. EDN: HAZWFO.

53. Toya Y., Nakamura S., Tomita K. et al. Dabigatran-induced esophagitis: The prevalence and endoscopic characteristics. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016; 31(3): 610–14. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgh.13024.

54. Щербо А. П., Ширинская Н. В. Проблемы индикативного сопровождения пациентов с коморбидностью. Клиническая геронтология. 2017; 23(5–6): 64–68. [Shcherbo A. P., Shirinskaya N. V. Problems of indicative maintenance of patients with comorbidity. Klinicheskaya gerontologiya = Clinical gerontology. 2017; 23(5–6): 64–68 (In Russ.)]. EDN: YUAQJZ.

55. Lauffenburger J.C., Rhoney D.H., Farley J.F. et al. Predictors of gastrointestinal bleeding among patients with atrial fibrillation after initiating dabigatran therapy. Pharmacotherapy. 2015; 35(6): 560–68. https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/phar.1597.

56. Mihalkanin L., Stancak B. The impact of novel anticoagulants on the upper gastrointestinal tract mucosa. Medicina (Kaunas). 2020; 56(7): 363. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina56070363.

57. Holster I.L., Valkhoff V.E., Kuipers E.J., Tjwa E.T.T.L. New oral anticoagulants increase risk for gastrointestinal bleeding: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2013; 145(1): 105–12.e15. https://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2013.02.041.

58. Guo W.Q., Chen X.H., Tian X.Y., Li L. Differences in gastrointestinal safety profiles among novel oral anticoagulants: Evidence from a network meta-analysis. Clin Epidemiol. 2019; 11: 911–21. https://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S219335.