Based on materials of community-acquired pneumonia – an European Federation of Internal Medicine guideline critical appraisal adaptation for internists: Important answers to difficult questions


DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2023.6.50-58

Kokorin V.A., Larina V.N., Lunev D.I., Suvorova N.A.

N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia, Moscow
Abstract. A brief review of the clinical guidelines of the European Federation of Internal Medicine on community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), prepared in the form of answers to unsolved clinical questions in the PICO format (P – patient /I – intervention/ C – comparison/ O – outcomes), regarding the peculiarities of managing patients with multimorbidity is presented. The necessity of identification of respiratory viruses in the initial diagnosis of CAP during respiratory virus season, the use of clinical prediction rule for prognosis as an additional method for decision-making concerning the need and place of hospitalization, and the assessment of drug interactions in multimorbid patients with CAP while choosing antimicrobial therapy (AMT) are discussed. Attention is paid to the factors that should be considered before starting AMT in both outpatient and inpatient settings and biomarkers of infection to manage AMT.

Literature


1. Министерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Заболеваемость взрослого населения России в 2019 г. Часть III. М. 2020; 160 с. [Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. The incidence of the adult population of Russia in 2019. Part III. Moscow. 2020; 160 pp. (In Russ.)].


2. Bjarnason A., Westin J., Lindh M. et al. Incidence, etiology, and outcomes of community-acquired pneumonia: A population-based study. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018; 5(2): ofy010. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy010.


3. Millett E.R., Quint J.K., Smeeth L. et al. Incidence of community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections and pneumonia among older adults in the United Kingdom: A population-based study. PLoS One. 2013; 8(9): e75131.https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0075131.


4. World Health Organization. Disease burden and mortality estimates. 2000–2016, June 2018. Geneva.URL: https://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html (date of access – 01.08.2023).


5. Статистические материалы Федеральной службы государственной статистики. М. 2019. Доступ: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/12994 (дата обращения – 01.08.2023). [Statistical materials of the Federal State Statistics Service (Russia). Moscow. 2019. ДURL: https://rosstat.gov.ru/folder/210/document/12994 (date of access – 01.08.2023) (In Russ.)].


6. Sligl W.I., Marrie T.J. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Crit Care Clin. 2013; 29(3): 563–601.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccc.2013.03.009.


7. Field T.S., Gurwitz J.H., Avorn J. et al. Risk factors for adverse drug events among nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161(13): 1629–34. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.13.1629


8. Wimmer B.C., Cross A.J., Jokanovic N. et al. Clinical outcomes associated with medication regimen complexity in older people: A systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017; 65(4): 747–53. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jgs.14682.


9. Cilloniz C., Dominedo C., Pericas J.M. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in critically ill very old patients: A growing problem. Eur Respir Rev. 2020; 29(155): 190126. https://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0126-2019.


10. Er A.G., Alonso A.A.R., Marin-Leon I. et al. Community-acquired pneumonia – An EFIM guideline critical appraisal adaptation for internists. Eur J Intern Med. 2022; 106: 1–8. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.10.009.


11. Becattini C., Kokorin V.A., Lesniak W. et al. Pulmonary embolism - An EFIM guideline critical appraisal and adaptation for practicing clinicians. Eur J Intern Med. 2022; 96: 5–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2021.12.001.


12. Lesniak W., Morbidoni L., Dicker D. et al. Clinical practice guidelines adaptation for internists – An EFIM methodology.Eur J Intern Med. 2020; 77: 1–5. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2020.05.016.


13. Brouwers M.C., Kho M.E., Browman G.P. et al. AGREE II: advancing guideline development, reporting and evaluation in health care. CMAJ. 2010; 182(18): E839–42. https://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.090449.


14. Lee M.S., Oh J.Y., Kang C.I. et al. Guideline for antibiotic use in adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Infect Chemother. 2018; 50(2): 160–98. https://dx.doi.org/10.3947/ic.2018.50.2.160.


15. Wiersinga W.J., Bonten M.J., Boersma W.G. et al. Management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults: 2016 guideline update from the Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy (SWAB) and Dutch Association of Chest Physicians (NVALT). Neth J Med. 2018; 76(1): 4–13.


16. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Pneumonia (community-acquired): Antimicrobial prescribing [NG138]. 2019. URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng138 (date of access – 01.08.2023).


17. Metlay J.P., Waterer G.W., Long A.C. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America.Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019; 200(7): e45–67. https://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581ST.


18. Lim W.S., Baudouin S.V., George R.C. et al. BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: Update 2009. Thorax. 2009; 64(Suppl 3): iii1–55. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.121434.


19. Woodhead M., Blasi F., Ewig S. et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011; 17(Suppl 6): E1–59. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03672.x.


20. Fine M.J., Auble T.E., Yealy D.M. et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997; 336(4): 243–50. https://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199701233360402.


21. Lim W.S., van der Eerden M.M., Laing R. et al. Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: An international derivation and validation study. Thorax. 2003; 58(5): 377–82. https://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.58.5.377.


22. Bayles T., Tong E., Choo S. et al. Clarithromycin for community-acquired pneumonia: beware drug interactions. Intern Med J. 2012; 42(10): 1165–66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2012.02880.x.


23. Miller A.D., Ball A.M., Bookstaver P.B. et al. Epileptogenic potential of carbapenem agents: Mechanism of action, seizure rates, and clinical considerations. Pharmacotherapy. 2011; 31(4): 408–23. https://dx.doi.org/10.1592/phco.31.4.408.


24. Baillargeon J., Holmes H.M., Lin Y.L. et al. Concurrent use of warfarin and antibiotics and the risk of bleeding in older adults. Am J Med. 2012; 125(2): 183–89. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.08.014.


25. Sketris I.S., Wright M.R., West M.L. Possible role of the intestinal P-450 enzyme system in a cyclosporine-clarithromycin interaction. Pharmacotherapy. 1996; 16(2): 301–5.


26. Parekh T.M., Raji M., Lin Y.L. et al. Hypoglycemia after antimicrobial drug prescription for older patients using sulfonylureas. JAMA Intern Med. 2014; 174(10): 1605–12. https://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.3293.


27. Del Rosso J.Q. Oral antibiotic drug interactions of clinical significance to dermatologists. Dermatol Clin. 2009; 27(1): 91–94.https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2008.07.011.


28. Jackson M.A., Schutze G.E. The use of systemic and topical fluoroquinolones. Pediatrics. 2016; 138(5): e20162706.https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2706.


29. ElDesoky E.S. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic crisis in the elderly. Am J Ther. 2007; 14(5): 488–98.https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.mjt.0000183719.84390.4d.


30. Choi S.H., Cesar A., Chandos Snow T.A. et al. Efficacy of doxycycline for mild-to-moderate community-acquired pneumonia in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2023; 76(4): 683–91.https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciac615.


31. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Pneumonia in adults: diagnosis and management. Clinical guideline [CG191]; 2014. URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg191 (date of access – 01.08.2023).


32. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). COVID-19 rapid guideline: Managing COVID-19. 2021.URL: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng191/resources/covid19-rapid-guideline-managing-covid19-pdf-51035553326 (date of access – 01.08.2023).


33. S3-Leitlinie empfehlungen zur therapie von patienten mit COVID-19 – Living guideline; 2022.URL: https://register.awmf.org/de/leitlinien/detail/113-001LG (date of access – 01.08.2023).


34. Gonzalez L., Holman T., Wait D. et al. Experience with procalcitonin use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Eur J Intern Med. 2022; 102: 116–17. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2022.04.002.


35. Calderon M., Li A., Bazo-Alvarez J.C. et al. Evaluation of procalcitonin-guided antimicrobial stewardship in patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 pneumonia. JAC Antimicrob Resist. 2021; 3(3): dlab133.https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jacamr/dlab133.


36. Moreno-Garcia E., Puerta-Alcalde P., Letona L. et al. Bacterial co-infection at hospital admission in patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2022; 118: 197–202. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.03.003.


37. Carbonell R., Urgeles S., Salgado M. et al. Negative predictive value of procalcitonin to rule out bacterial respiratory co-infection in critical COVID-19 patients. J Infect. 2022; 85(4): 374–81. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2022.06.024.


38. Atallah N.J., Warren H.M., Roberts M.B. et al. Baseline procalcitonin as a predictor of bacterial infection and clinical outcomes in COVID-19: A case-control study. PLoS One. 2022; 17(1): e0262342.https://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262342.


39. Zhydkov A., Christ-Crain M., Thomann R. et al. Utility of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and white blood cells alone and in combination for the prediction of clinical outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2015; 53(4): 559–66. https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2014-0456.


40. Stewart R.B., Cooper J.W. Polypharmacy in the aged. Practical solutions. Drugs Aging. 1994; 4(6): 449–61.https://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199404060-00002.


About the Autors


Valentin A. Kokorin, MD, associate professor, professor of the Department of hospital therapy named after academician P.E. Lukomsky, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova Str. E-mail: valentinkokorin@yahoo.com
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8614-6542.
Vera N. Larina, MD, professor, head of the Department of policlinic therapy, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova Str.
E-mail: larinav@mail.ru ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7825-5597.
Dmitri I. Lunev, assistant at the Department of policlinic therapy, N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova Str. E-mail: sandvit@ya.ru
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-7749.
Natalia A. Suvorova, assistant at the Department of hospital therapy named after academician P.E. Lukomsky,
N.I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russia. Address: 117997, Moscow, 1 Ostrovityanova Str. E-mail: natalia-suvorova@inbox.ru ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5959-6759


Similar Articles


Бионика Медиа